Table 2.

Clinical entities that mimic Gitelman syndrome.

Gitelman-Like Diseases	Clinical Similarities to Gitelman	Clinical Differences to Gitelman	References
Abuse of thiazide diuretics	Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis Hyperaldostheronism Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia	The symptoms will be ruled out after the withdrawal. Hyperchloruric response as indicative parameter	[3,96,97]
ADTKD-HNF1-β	Hypomagnesemia Hypokalaemia Hyperparathiroidism Young adult presentation (but not mandatory at this ages)	Dominant inheritance pattern Extrarenal manifestations: MODY type 3 Renal cysts	[98,99,100]
Cystic fibrosis	Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis Hypokalemia Hypochloremia	Levels of chloride in response to treatment Similarities are present with hot weather	[101,102]
Autoinmune diseases; SLE 1, Sjögren syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis	Muscular weakness Hypokalemia Hypomagenesemia Hypocalciuria Cramping	Presence of auto-antibodies against NCC 2	[103,104]
Congenital Chloride Diarrhea	Hyponatremia Hypochloremia	Low chloride in urine but high in stool Watery stool, similar to urine	[105,106,107]

¹ SLE: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; ² NCC: Solute carrier family 12 member 3.