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Altered tryptophan and arginine metabolism in COVID-19 patients. In COVID-19 infection, tryptophan metabolism is upregulated through kynurenine pathway. Mucus production is stimulated via IDO-Kyn-AhR pathway, resulting in hypoxia of COVID-19. Arginine depletion and increased glutamine metabolism is also discovered in COVID-19 patients. IFN, interferon; IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
