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. 2021 Oct 25;22(21):11475. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111475

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metabolic reprogramming and corresponding therapeutic approaches in COVID-19. In COVID-19, tryptophan metabolism, glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism are upregulated, while cholesterol and arginine are decreased. Therapeutic agents targeting the reprogrammed metabolism in COVID-19 are shown in the figure. TCA, trichloroacetic acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; FAS, fatty acid synthesis; HMG-CoV, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase.