Table 4.
Adult neurogenesis in the SN.
| Species | Age/ Sex |
Manipulation/ Treatment |
Proliferation/ Differentiation |
Maturation/ Survival |
Protein/Gene/ Growth Factor |
Function | Effect on the SN | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mice | 2–20 months/males | BrdU | BrdU, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), nestin, fluorogold | NeuN, CRMP-4 | Stem cells | Differentiation into new tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (dopaminergic) neurons | None | [26] |
| Mice and rats | 10 weeks/females (mice), males (rats) | Untreated | Polysialic acid, TH, NG2, GFP, BrdU | GFAP, GSTP1 | Undifferentiated cells | Differentiation into glial cells, especially microglia | Increases differentiation | [126] |
| Rats | Not reported/females | BrdU, dopamine D3 receptor agonist: 7-OH-DPAT | BrdU, PCNA, TH | GFAP, NeuN | Undifferentiated cells | Neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation into the dopaminergic phenotype | Increases differentiation | [127] |
| Mice | Not reported | Untreated/Transgenic | TH, ChAT, GAD | GDNF, NeuN, Parv | Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) | Maintaining homeostasis through a noncell autonomous process; also involved in cellular differentiation, maintenance and survival | Promotes differentiation, maintenance and survival | [128,129] |