. 2021 Nov 8;10(21):5204. doi: 10.3390/jcm10215204

Table 1.

Disorders of cortisol secretion in untreated patients.

The Patient’s Condition	Terms of Sampling	Cortisol Secretion	Additional Insights	Ref.
Undiagnosed depression	saliva/afternoon before and after TSST	↑	-	[11]
Depression	saliva/afternoon	↑	-	[13]
Anxiety disorders	saliva/afternoon	↑	-	[13]
Depression in remission	saliva/morning, evening	N	cognitive decline	[14]
Depression	saliva/morning, evening	↑	cognitive decline	[14]
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders	blood/afternoon	↑	cognitive decline, verbal memory decline	[15]
Psychotic major depression	blood/afternoon	↑	cognitive decline, verbal memory decline	[15]
Elderly depressed	saliva/afternoon	↑	less responsive to cognitive behavioral therapy	[16]
Bipolar disorder	-	↑	increase in cortisol secretion associated with the manic phase	[17] review
Unipolar depression	saliva/CAR, evening	↑	elevated CAR	[18]
Bipolar disorder	saliva/CAR, evening	↑	elevated CAR	[18]
Bipolar disorder	saliva/CAR	↑	elevated CAR	[19]
Offspring of parents with bipolar disorder	saliva/CAR, bedtime	↑	HPA axis disorders as an early BD anomaly	[20]
Offspring of parents with bipolar disorder in remission	saliva/CAR, evening	N	HPA axis normalization in remission	[21,22]
Bipolar disorder in remission	saliva/afternoon	N	weaker response to TSST	[23]
Siblings of person with bipolar disorder in remission	saliva/afternoon	N	no family risk of bipolar disorder	[23]
Suicide attempts in bipolar disorder	saliva/awakening, bedtime	↑	weaker response to stress after a suicide attempt	[24]
Suicide attempts in bipolar disorder	saliva/various times of day	↑	weaker response to stress after a suicide attempt	[25]
People at risk of developing psychosis	saliva/3 times a day	↑	-	[27]
People at risk of developing psychosis	blood/morning saliva/CAR	↑	-	[28]
First-episode psychosis	-	↑	cortisol–symptoms correlation only in the initial phase of psychosis	[29] review
	saliva/morning		cortisol–symptoms correlation with positive symptoms	[30]
	saliva/morning		cortisol–symptoms correlation with severe anxiety	[32]
	saliva/CAR		-	[31]
Children at elevated risk for schizophrenia	saliva/CAR	↑	blunted CAR	[33]
First-episode schizophrenia	saliva/6 times after TSST	↑	blunted CAR	[34]
Borderline personality disorder	saliva/before and after TSST	↑	-	[37]

↑—increase in cortisol concentration; N—normal cortisol concentration; CAR—cortisol awakening response; TSST—Trier Social Stress Test; HPA—hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.