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. 2021 Oct 31;22(21):11822. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111822

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Pathogenesis of eosinophilic asthma mediated by T helper (Th)2, Th9 and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. The development of eosinophilic asthma is associated with the Th2, Th9 and Tfh subtypes of CD4+ T cells. Th2 cells play roles in eosinophilic infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyperresponsiveness, immunoglobulin (Ig)E production, and upregulation of endothelial molecules, including vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 are transcriptional factors in Th2 cells. Th9 cells mediate mast cell infiltration and IgE production. PU and Irf4 are transcriptional factors in Th9 cells. Bcl6-expressing Tfh cells mediate isotype switching and IgE production. Text color: Black, cytokine. LN, lymph node; DC, dendritic cell; IL, interleukin; Irf4, interferon regulatory factor 4; CXCR5, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5. Figure created using BioRender.com (accessed on 6 September 2021).