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Angiogenesis in chronic urticaria: Eosinophils and mast cells produce VEGF, histamine, and other inflammatory mediators. Especially, mast cells produce VEGF via the PI3K/Akt/p38 MAPK/HIF-1α signaling pathway. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PIP3, phosphatidyl inositol 3,4,5 tri-phosphate; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor-1.
