Figure 11.

Proposed mechanisms by which clioquinol (CQ) decreases pathological tau species. CQ inactivated tau kinases, including JNK and p38 MAPK, while also increasing tau phosphatase activation. CQ may also decrease the C-terminal truncation of tau and formation of tau oligomers, which are 2 forms of tau linked to toxicity. It also upregulated autophagy and proteasome system activity, possibly leading to an overall reduction in tau, including pathologically modified tau species.↑: upregulation, ↓:downregulation.