Skip to main content
. 2021 Nov 11;16(11):e0259139. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259139

Table 5. Generalized linear mixed model of shocks to urban household food security.

Dependent/Independent variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
OR (95%CI) p-value OR (95%CI) p-value OR (95%CI) p-value OR (95%CI) p-value
HH Main Income Source (Ref = Informal business)
Formal 0.763 (0.418–1.392) 0.695 (0.375–1.288) 0.767 (0.446–1.320) 0.803 (0.461–1.397)
Informal 1.473 (0.745–2.913) 1.050 (0.519–2.128) 1.262 (0.650–2.448) 1.328 (0.675–2.614)
Casual wage (formal & informal) 2.404 (1.121–5.155) ** 1.625 (0.739–3.571) 1.803 (0.822–3.955) 1.772 (0.795–3.947)
Formal business 1.072 (0.513–2.242) 0.886 (0.412–1.904) 0.950 (0.455–1.983) 0.908 (0.426–1.937)
Net HH Income Without Loans (Ref = 75001.00+)
< = 10000.00 14.902(7.21–30.798) **** 5.422 (2.770–10.613) **** 5.674 (2.893–11.127) **** 5.171 (2.635–10.146) ****
10001.00–19000.00 8.096(4.026–16.278) **** 2.340 (1.209–4.529) *** 2.298 (1.172–4.506) *** 2.336 (1.186–4.601) ***
19001.00–34000.00 6.507(3.359–12.607) **** 2.950 (1.638–5.311) **** 2.954 (1.631–5.347) **** 2.761 (1.515–5.030) ****
34001.00–75000.00 3.165 (1.691–5.924) **** 1.743 (1.010–3.010) ** 1.716 (0.986–2.990) * 1.686 (0.959–2.966) *
HH health status (Ref = Unhealthy)
Healthy 0.656 (0.407–1.057) 0.654 (0.418–1.025) 0.665 (0.418–1.057) 0.723 (0.449–1.163)
HH structure
Female centred 11.452 (1.948–67.337) *** 10.577 (0.297–377.046) 8.768 (0.241–318.358) 8.134 (0.244–271.110)
Male centred 7.774 (1.517–39.841) *** 4.496 (0.141–143.419) 4.544 (0.14–147.527) 4.456 (0.147–135.331)
Nuclear 7.343 (1.445–37.320) *** 4.298 (0.137–134.551) 4.343 (0.136–138.475) 4.147 (0.140–123.147)
Extended 6.206 (1.075–35.819) ** 3.931 (0.113–136.986) 4.222 (0.119–149.408) 3.617 (0.109–119.607)
Duration of stay in Nairobi (Ref = >10 years)
<5 years 1.048 (0.534–2.055) 1.242 (0.614–2.511) 0.890 (0.412–1.922) 0.863 (0.403–1.846)
5–10 years 0.897 (0.569–1.413) 1.035 (0.642–1.667) 1.042 (0.643–1.687) 0.994 (0.611–1.617)
HH head place of birth (Ref = Foreign born)
Nairobi 2.096 (0.556–7.898) 2.067 (0.100–42.645) 2.853 (0.586–13.880) 2.887 (0.494–16.885)
Another urban centre in Kenya 2.395 (0.638–8.993) 1.790 (0.395–8.105) 1.182 (0.265–5.267) 1.193 (0.252–5.658)
Rural area in Kenya 2.053 (0.590–7.144) 1.491(0.362–6.143) 0.946 (0.224–3.992) 0.971 (0.216–4.358)
Household Shocks
Economic shocks
1. Food price change
 Never 0.013 (0.002–0.077) **** 0.018 (0.003–0.097) **** 0.031 (0.005–0.192) ****
 About once a month 0.100 (0.017–0.576) *** 0.128 (0.024–0.694) *** 0.204 (0.035–1.178) *
 About once a week 0.170 (0.029–0.996) ** 0.226 (0.042–1.212) * 0.350 (0.061–2.008)
 > Once a week but <every day of the week 0.263 (0.044–1.555) 0.327 (0.060–1.778) 0.518 (0.088–3.062)
2. Death of a working HH member 1.178 (0.303–4.584) 0.994 (0.252–3.923) 1.076 (0.276–4.185)
3. Serious illness of HH member 0.837 (0.518–1.351) 0.837 (0.51–1.371) 0.793 (0.474–1.324)
4. Loss of employment for HH member 2.597 (1.674–4.029) **** 2.412 (1.543–3.772) **** 2.234 (1.404–3.553) ***
5. Reduced income of a HH member 1.783 (1.206–2.636) *** 1.678 (1.132–2.489) *** 1.637 (1.097–2.442) **
6. Reduced/ cut-off of remittances 3.539 (1.284–9.760) ** 3.633 (1.337–9.873) **** 3.77 (1.278–11.163) ****
Socio-political hazards
7. Insecurity/violence 1.877 (0.877–4.015) 1.789 (0.822–3.893)
8. Theft of money/food 0.946 (0.454–1.970) 0.968 (0.466–2.013)
9. Relocation of the family 2.505 (0.643–9.753) * 2.516 (0.609–10.384) *
10. Taking in orphans 1.526 (0.203–11.503) 1.638 (0.135–19.865)
11. Political problems/issues 1.032 (0.289–3.688) 1.126 (0.328–3.868)
Biophysical hazards
12. Health risks/epidemics 1.792 (0.580–5.539)
13. Environmental hazards 3.520 (0.784–11.876)
14. Increased cost of water 1.163 (0.598–2.663)
15. Food cannot be safely stored 0.663 (0.286–1.534)
16. Lack of refrigeration for food 1.133 (0.522–2.460)

Legend: HH–Household; Net monthly income in Kenyan Shillings.

Significance level:

**** P≤ 0.001.;

*** P≤ 0.01.;

**P≤ 0.05.;

*P≤ 0.1.