Table 5. Generalized linear mixed model of shocks to urban household food security.
Dependent/Independent variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) p-value | OR (95%CI) p-value | OR (95%CI) p-value | OR (95%CI) p-value | |
HH Main Income Source (Ref = Informal business) | ||||
Formal | 0.763 (0.418–1.392) | 0.695 (0.375–1.288) | 0.767 (0.446–1.320) | 0.803 (0.461–1.397) |
Informal | 1.473 (0.745–2.913) | 1.050 (0.519–2.128) | 1.262 (0.650–2.448) | 1.328 (0.675–2.614) |
Casual wage (formal & informal) | 2.404 (1.121–5.155) ** | 1.625 (0.739–3.571) | 1.803 (0.822–3.955) | 1.772 (0.795–3.947) |
Formal business | 1.072 (0.513–2.242) | 0.886 (0.412–1.904) | 0.950 (0.455–1.983) | 0.908 (0.426–1.937) |
Net HH Income Without Loans (Ref = 75001.00+) | ||||
< = 10000.00 | 14.902(7.21–30.798) **** | 5.422 (2.770–10.613) **** | 5.674 (2.893–11.127) **** | 5.171 (2.635–10.146) **** |
10001.00–19000.00 | 8.096(4.026–16.278) **** | 2.340 (1.209–4.529) *** | 2.298 (1.172–4.506) *** | 2.336 (1.186–4.601) *** |
19001.00–34000.00 | 6.507(3.359–12.607) **** | 2.950 (1.638–5.311) **** | 2.954 (1.631–5.347) **** | 2.761 (1.515–5.030) **** |
34001.00–75000.00 | 3.165 (1.691–5.924) **** | 1.743 (1.010–3.010) ** | 1.716 (0.986–2.990) * | 1.686 (0.959–2.966) * |
HH health status (Ref = Unhealthy) | ||||
Healthy | 0.656 (0.407–1.057) | 0.654 (0.418–1.025) | 0.665 (0.418–1.057) | 0.723 (0.449–1.163) |
HH structure | ||||
Female centred | 11.452 (1.948–67.337) *** | 10.577 (0.297–377.046) | 8.768 (0.241–318.358) | 8.134 (0.244–271.110) |
Male centred | 7.774 (1.517–39.841) *** | 4.496 (0.141–143.419) | 4.544 (0.14–147.527) | 4.456 (0.147–135.331) |
Nuclear | 7.343 (1.445–37.320) *** | 4.298 (0.137–134.551) | 4.343 (0.136–138.475) | 4.147 (0.140–123.147) |
Extended | 6.206 (1.075–35.819) ** | 3.931 (0.113–136.986) | 4.222 (0.119–149.408) | 3.617 (0.109–119.607) |
Duration of stay in Nairobi (Ref = >10 years) | ||||
<5 years | 1.048 (0.534–2.055) | 1.242 (0.614–2.511) | 0.890 (0.412–1.922) | 0.863 (0.403–1.846) |
5–10 years | 0.897 (0.569–1.413) | 1.035 (0.642–1.667) | 1.042 (0.643–1.687) | 0.994 (0.611–1.617) |
HH head place of birth (Ref = Foreign born) | ||||
Nairobi | 2.096 (0.556–7.898) | 2.067 (0.100–42.645) | 2.853 (0.586–13.880) | 2.887 (0.494–16.885) |
Another urban centre in Kenya | 2.395 (0.638–8.993) | 1.790 (0.395–8.105) | 1.182 (0.265–5.267) | 1.193 (0.252–5.658) |
Rural area in Kenya | 2.053 (0.590–7.144) | 1.491(0.362–6.143) | 0.946 (0.224–3.992) | 0.971 (0.216–4.358) |
Household Shocks | ||||
Economic shocks | ||||
1. Food price change | ||||
Never | 0.013 (0.002–0.077) **** | 0.018 (0.003–0.097) **** | 0.031 (0.005–0.192) **** | |
About once a month | 0.100 (0.017–0.576) *** | 0.128 (0.024–0.694) *** | 0.204 (0.035–1.178) * | |
About once a week | 0.170 (0.029–0.996) ** | 0.226 (0.042–1.212) * | 0.350 (0.061–2.008) | |
> Once a week but <every day of the week | 0.263 (0.044–1.555) | 0.327 (0.060–1.778) | 0.518 (0.088–3.062) | |
2. Death of a working HH member | 1.178 (0.303–4.584) | 0.994 (0.252–3.923) | 1.076 (0.276–4.185) | |
3. Serious illness of HH member | 0.837 (0.518–1.351) | 0.837 (0.51–1.371) | 0.793 (0.474–1.324) | |
4. Loss of employment for HH member | 2.597 (1.674–4.029) **** | 2.412 (1.543–3.772) **** | 2.234 (1.404–3.553) *** | |
5. Reduced income of a HH member | 1.783 (1.206–2.636) *** | 1.678 (1.132–2.489) *** | 1.637 (1.097–2.442) ** | |
6. Reduced/ cut-off of remittances | 3.539 (1.284–9.760) ** | 3.633 (1.337–9.873) **** | 3.77 (1.278–11.163) **** | |
Socio-political hazards | ||||
7. Insecurity/violence | 1.877 (0.877–4.015) | 1.789 (0.822–3.893) | ||
8. Theft of money/food | 0.946 (0.454–1.970) | 0.968 (0.466–2.013) | ||
9. Relocation of the family | 2.505 (0.643–9.753) * | 2.516 (0.609–10.384) * | ||
10. Taking in orphans | 1.526 (0.203–11.503) | 1.638 (0.135–19.865) | ||
11. Political problems/issues | 1.032 (0.289–3.688) | 1.126 (0.328–3.868) | ||
Biophysical hazards | ||||
12. Health risks/epidemics | 1.792 (0.580–5.539) | |||
13. Environmental hazards | 3.520 (0.784–11.876) | |||
14. Increased cost of water | 1.163 (0.598–2.663) | |||
15. Food cannot be safely stored | 0.663 (0.286–1.534) | |||
16. Lack of refrigeration for food | 1.133 (0.522–2.460) |
Legend: HH–Household; Net monthly income in Kenyan Shillings.
Significance level:
**** P≤ 0.001.;
*** P≤ 0.01.;
**P≤ 0.05.;
*P≤ 0.1.