Table 2.
Group-specific means and standard deviations of all examined running kinetic parameters.
| Variable | Component | Healthy controls | COVID-19 | p-value (Cohen’s d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Means ± SDs | Means ± SDs | ||||
| GRF (%BW) |
FZ | FZHC | 130.01 ± 31.25 | 144.15 ± 40.25 | 0.261 (0.395) |
| FZPO | 193.02 ± 23.73 | 213.33 ± 27.81 | 0.029 * (0.788) |
||
| FY | FYHC | 31.99 ± 8.51 | 38.97 ± 17.68 | 0.152 (0.533) |
|
| FYPO | 30.04 ± 6.05 | 29.79 ± 11.15 | 0.939 (0.029) |
||
| FX | FXHC | 6.30 ± 3.43 | 13.007 ± 5.30 | 0.001 * (1.536) |
|
| FXPO | 7.48 ± 3.89 | 14.09 ± 7.92 | 0.004 * (1.119) |
||
| TTP of GRF (%stance) |
FZ | FZHC | 11.76 ± 1.95 | 5.58 ± 1.32 | 0.001 * (3.779) |
| FZPO | 40.82 ± 6.33 | 40.52 ± 4.97 | 0.881 (0.053) |
||
| FY | FYHC | 24.82 ± 4.46 | 17.11 ± 9.57 | 0.005 * (1.099) |
|
| FYPO | 71.41 ± 1.90 | 72.58 ± 5.42 | 0.405 (0.319) |
||
| FX | FYPO | 42.17 ± 13.79 | 33.05 ± 15.63 | 0.081 (0.619) |
|
| FXHC | 15.76 ± 13.90 | 8.58 ± 3.72 | 0.048 * (0.814) |
||
| Free moment (%BW× height) |
Negative peak | – | 0.005 ± 0.003 | 0.005 ± 0.0033 | 0.660 (0.000) |
| Positive peak | – | 0.001 ± 0.00018 | 0.001 ± 0.00017 | 0.865 (0.000) |
|
Note: FZHC, First peak vertical ground reaction force at heel contact; FZPO, Second peak vertical ground reaction force at push-off; FYHC, Braking reaction force; FYPO, Propulsion force; FXHC, Peak medial ground reaction force at heel contact; FXPO are consecutive negative peaks at the push-off phase, respectively. TTP, Time to reach peak.