Table 2.
The regenerative effect of scaffold-based combined with human dental stem cells and scaffold enrichment with dental MSC-derived secretome used in vivo studies.
| Author (Publication Year) |
Source of Human Stem Cells | Biomaterials | Animal Model | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prahasanti et al., 2019 [172] | SHED | hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold | Alveolar bone defect model Wistar rats | Improved alveolar bone defect regeneration |
| Gutierrez-Quintero et al., 2020 [169] | DPSCs | HA matrix with polylactic polyglycolic acid; (PLGA) scaffold | Bilateral mandibular critical-sized defects New Zealand rabbits | Induced new bone formation and angiogenesis. The scaffold without hDPSCs was less efficacious |
| Atalayin et al., 2016 [173] | DPSCs | L-lactide and DL-lactide; (PLDL), copolymer of DL-lactide; (PDL), and HA/tri-calcium phosphates; (TCP) scaffold | Subcutaneous implantation Immunocompromised mice | PLDL, PDL, and HA-TCP enriched with hDPSC seemed to be promising scaffolds for odontogenic regeneration |
| Ansari et al., 2017 [170] | SHED | Alginate hydrogels containing BMP-2, scaffold |
Subcutaneous C57BL/6 mice |
Scaffold with smaller pores and greater elasticity was found to potentially induce greater bone regeneration |
| Fahimipour et al., 2019 [174] | DPSCs Enrichment BMP-2 | Heparinconjugated collagen (Col) hydrogel reinforced by 3D printed-TCP-based bioceramic scaffold |
Subcutaneous implantation Male Fischer 344 rats |
A greater new bone formation was found when heparin was present. BMP-2 increased the expression of genes involved in osteogenesis |
| Hiraki et al., 2020 [138] | SHED-CM | Atelocollagen sponge | Calvarial bone defect model. Deficient mice (BALB/c-nu) |
Enhanced bone regeneration and angiogenesis |
| Qiu et al., 2020 [175] | GMSC and PDLSC-CM | Col membrane | Periodontal defect model. Wistar rats | Newly formed bone and reduced inflammation |
| Diomede et al., 2018 [176] | GMSCs -CM | PLA scaffold | Calvarial defect. Wistar rats | Induction of new bone formation and osseointegration |
| Swanson et al., 2020 [177] | DPSCs- EXs | Tri-block PLGA–PEG–PLGA micro-spheres incorporated into a nanofibrous PLLA scaffold | Calvarial defect. C57BL/6 mice | Bone tissue regenerated |
| Diomede et al., 2018 [178] | GMSCs-EVs, or PEI engineered EVs |
PLA scaffold | Calvarial defect. Wistar rats | Improved bone healing by showing better osteogenic properties |
| Pizzicannella et al., 2019 [179] | PDLSCs- CM, EVs, or EVs engineered with PEI |
Col membrane | Calvarial defect. Wistar rats | Increased bone regeneration in association with vascularization |
| Pizzicannella et al., 2019 [180] | GMSCs- EVs | PLA, scaffold | Calvarial defect. Wistar rats | Bone regeneration and vascularization were observed |
| Zhang et al., 2016 [181] | DPSCs | Chitosan scaffolds | SCI rat model | Transplantation of hDPSCs together with chitosan scaffolds into an SCI rat model resulted in the marked recovery of hind limb locomotor functions. |
| Luo et al., 2018 [182] | DPSCs- FGF | heparin-poloxamer (HP) hydrogel | SCI rats model | HP-bFGF-DPSCs had a significant impact on spinal cord repair and regeneration |
| Albashari et al., 2020 [183] | DPSCs-bFGF | heparin (HeP) hydrogel | SCI mouse model | vivo application of HeP-bFGF-DPSCs regulated inflammatory reactions and accelerated the nerve regeneration through microtubule stabilization and tissue vasculature. Prevented microglia/macrophage activation |
| Talaat et al., 2020 [184] | DPSCs | Nanocellulose–Chitosan Hydrogel (NC-CS/GP-21) | Subcutaneous injections. Sprague Dawley rats |
hDPSCs/NC-CS-GP-21 scaffold induced the remodeling and regeneration of damaged cartilage |
| Mata el al., 2017 [171] | DPSCs | alginate hydrogels | cartilage damage rabbit model |
significant cartilage regeneration, formation of new isogenic chondral groups and new chondral matrix |