Figure 1.

Dunnione inhibits 4T1 breast cancer-associated pulmonary thrombosis. (A) Diagram depicting the treatment schedule for the 4T1 breast cancer-associated thrombosis mouse model. Dunnione (dissolved in corn oil) and nadroparin were administrated daily, orally and subcutaneously. (B) Volume changes of orthotopically inoculated tumors in each group on the day of tumor injection (n = 8–11 per group). (C) Comparison of tumor weight of mice 28 d after tumor inoculation (n = 10–11 per group). (D) Body weight changes in the tumor-bearing mice and normal control mice in each group. Weight was measured every other day. (E) Representative hematoxylin and eosin (E,H) staining images of lung sections in each group. Black arrows indicate the thrombi (n = 8–11 per group). Scale bar, 200 μm. (F) Microthrombi counts per mm² of lung section of each group at 28 d after tumor inoculation (n = 9 per group). (G,H) Representative immunohistochemistry (IHC) images of fibrinogen (G) and von Willebrand Factor (Vwf) (H) in the lung sections of each group (n = 4). Scale bar, 100 μm. (I) Comparison of pulmonary vessels by H&E staining in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice and normal mice. Scale bar, 50 μm. NC (normal control): tumor-free mice. p-values were obtained by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Significance as compared to the samples of the 4T1 group. ns, not significant; *** p < 0.001.