Figure 3.

Illustration of ubiquitin in cancerous cells and human genome encodings, i.e., UBB and UBC encode for polyubiquitin molecules and UBA52 and RPS27A encodes for single copy of ubiquitin and ribosomal proteins subunits. Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway degrades nuclear and cytosolic proteins through an ATP- and ubiquitin-dependent process. Ubiquitin polymers are formed by covalent attachment of E1, E2, E3 which involves different enzymes having distinct cell roles that regulate cell growth and death via triggering or degrading signaling pathways. The UPP is responsible for degrading tumor suppressor components and can influence cell differentiation in cancerous cells.