Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with hypertension.
| Total (n = 21,208) |
ARB Users (n = 17,466) |
ARB Nonusers (n = 3742) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male (%) | 12,065 (43.11%) | 9797 (56.09%) | 2268 (60.61%) | |
| Female (%) | 9143 (56.89%) | 7669 (43.91%) | 1474 (39.39%) | |
| Age | 61.1 ± 12.1 | 60.8 ± 12 | 62.4 ± 12.7 | <0.001 |
| 20–39 (%) | 2294 (10.82%) | 1894 (10.84%) | 400 (10.69%) | <0.001 |
| 40–64 (%) | 9948 (46.91%) | 8412 (48.16%) | 1536 (41.05%) | |
| 65–80 (%) | 8966 (42.28%) | 7160 (40.99%) | 1806 (48.26%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| IHD (%) | 5005 (23.6%) | 4104 (23.5%) | 901 (24.08%) | 0.447 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 9601 (45.27%) | 8206 (46.98%) | 1395 (37.28%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 11,879 (56.01%) | 10,041 (57.49%) | 1838 (49.12%) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 362 (1.71%) | 270 (1.55%) | 92 (2.46%) | <0.001 |
| CHF (%) | 1595 (7.52%) | 1260 (7.21%) | 355 (8.95% | <0.001 |
| Gout (%) | 5330 (25.13%) | 4358 (25.98%) | 972 (24.95%) | 0.190 |
| PAD (%) | 716 (3.38%) | 580 (3.32%) | 136 (3.63%) | 0.335 |
| Asthma (%) | 1248 (5.88%) | 204 (5.45%) | 1044 (5.98%) | 0.214 |
| COPD (%) | 3150 (14.85%) | 2565 (14.69%) | 585 (15.63%) | 0.139 |
| Major depression (%) | 231 (1.09%) | 183 (1.05%) | 48 (1.28%) | 0.208 |
| Parkinson’s disease (%) | 179 (1.09%) | 125 (0.72%) | 54 (1.44%) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (%) | 252 (1.19%) | 202 (1.16%) | 50 (1.34%) | 0.357 |
| Insomnia (%) | 1857 (8.76%) | 1517 (8.69%) | 340 (9.09%) | 0.431 |
| Thyrotoxicosis (%) | 215 (1.01%) | 173 (0.99%) | 42 (1.12%) | 0.464 |
| Hypothyroidism (%) | 175 (0.83%) | 144 (0.82%) | 31 (0.83%) | 0.980 |
| Drugs | ||||
| NSAIDs (%) | 8947 (42.19%) | 7350 (42.08%) | 1597 (42.68%) | 0.502 |
| Acetaminophen (%) | 8324 (39.25%) | 6787 (38.86%) | 1537 (41.07%) | 0.011 |
| Anti-platelet agents (%) | 8504 (40.1%) | 7080 (40.54%) | 1424 (38.05%) | 0.004 |
| Anticoagulants (%) | 329 (1.55%) | 265 (1.52%) | 64 (1.71%) | 0.385 |
| BZDs (%) | 4795 (22.61%) | 3846 (22.02%) | 949 (25.36%) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (%) | 2204 (10.39%) | 1869 (10.7%) | 335 (8.95%) | 0.001 |
| Statin (%) | 6587 (31.06%) | 5743 (32.88%) | 844 (22.55%) | <0.001 |
| Metformin (%) | 7340 (34.61%) | 6338 (36.29%) | 1002 (26.78%) | <0.001 |
| ACEI (%) | 5750 (27.11%) | 4575 (79.57%) | 1175 (20.43%) | <0.001 |
| CCB (%) | 11,762 (55.46%) | 9951 (56.97%) | 1811 (48.4%) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker (%) | 7970 (37.58%) | 6629 (37.95%) | 1341 (35.84%) | 0.015 |
| Diuretics (%) | 7335 (34.59%) | 6047 (34.62%) | 1288 (34.42%) | 0.814 |
Abbreviation: ARB, angiotensin receptor inhibitor; IHD, ischemic heart disease; CHF, chronic heart failure; PAD, peripheral artery disease, COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NSAID, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug; BZD, benzodiazepine; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; CCB, calcium channel blocker.