Table 1.
Sociodemographic description of adult caregivers and clinical description of perinatally exposed or infected children of HIV-infected women from Uganda from birth to 6–10 years of age. Data are n (%) unless noted otherwise
| CHEU (n = 100) |
CPHIV (n = 101) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
In utero/peripartum ART-exposed (n = 55) |
No in utero/peripartum ART exposure (n = 45) |
P-value† |
In utero/peripartum ART-exposed (n = 44) |
No in utero/peripartum ART exposure (n = 57) |
P-value† | |
| Caregiver sociodemographics | ||||||
| Female sex | 54 (98.1) | 39 (86.6) | 0.025 | 38 (90.5) | 51 (91.1) | 0.920 |
| Biological parent | 52 (94.6) | 40 (88.9) | 0.300 | 39 (88.6) | 37 (64.9) | 0.006 |
| Caregiver depressed | 26 (48.2) | 17 (37.8) | 0.300 | 12 (28.6) | 10 (17.9) | 0.208 |
| Has own income | 40 (74.1) | 32 (71.1) | 0.742 | 31 (75.6) | 39 (70.9) | 0.608 |
| Caregiver age (years) [mean (SD)] | 35.3 (7.8) | 36.6 (8.4) | 0.432 | 32.2 (6.2) | 35.5 (9.9) | 0.062 |
| Highest caregiver quality (5th quintile) | 15 (27.3) | 5 (11.1) | 0.044 | 11 (25.0) | 9 (15.7) | 0.249 |
| Child demographic/clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Female child | 32 (59.3) | 22 (40.7) | 0.354 | 21 (43.8) | 27 (56.3) | 0.971 |
| Child current age (years) [mean (SD)] | 7.5 (1.4) | 7.5 (1.4) | 0.775 | 7.8 (1.6) | 7.9 (1.4) | 0.570 |
| Height for age z-score [mean (SD)] | 0.54 (1.3) | 0.41 (1.17) | 0.921 | −0.05 (1.1) | −0.06 (1.19) | 0.944 |
| 5-min Apgar score [mean (SD)] | 8.0 (2.0) | 7.4 (2.9) | 0.186 | 7.9 (2.4) | 7.9 (1.8) | 0.951 |
| Birth weight (kg) [mean (SD)] | 3.53 (0.76) | 3.43 (0.50) | 0.480 | 3.36 (0.53) | 3.27 (0.48) | 0.415 |
| Caregiver-reported cognitive score * [mean (SD)] | ||||||
| Adaptive Skills Index (ASI) | 0.05 (1.04) | 0.06 (0.98) | 0.961 | 0.34 (1.0) | −0.24 (0.77) | 0.002 |
| Behavioural symptoms index (BSI) | 0.16 (1.01) | −0.08 (1.02) | 0.246 | −0.06 (1.03) | −0.05 (0.86) | 0.940 |
| Internalizing problems composite (IPC)) | 0.18 (0.97) | −0.09 (1.05) | 0.191 | 0.07 (1.04) | −0.03 (0.91) | 0.606 |
| Externalizing problems composite (EPC) | 0.23 (1.07) | −0.05 (1.09) | 0.191 | 0.03 (1.02) | −0.10 (0.87) | 0.491 |
| Global executive composite (GEC) | 0.07 (1.13) | −0.12 (1.04) | 0.395 | −0.23 (0.91) | 0.04 (0.94) | 0.146 |
| cART treatment-related factors (if HIV-positive) | ||||||
| Current child cART status/regimen | ||||||
| NNRTI regimen (nevirapine/efavirenz) | – | – | – | 25 (56.8) | 38 (71.7) | 0.222 |
| Protease inhibitor (lopinavir/ritonivir/kaletra) | – | – | – | 18 (40.9) | 13 (24.5) | |
| cART-naïve | – | – | – | 1 (2.3) | 2 (3.8) | |
| Currently virologically suppressed | – | – | – | 22 (64.7) | 30 (58.8) | 0.586 |
| Child ever had AIDS-defining condition | – | – | – | 8 (18.8) | 10 (19.2) | 0.896 |
| CD4 measures | – | – | – | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| CD4 nadir (cells/μL) | – | – | – | 799.6 (505) | 766 (606) | 0.773 |
| Current CD4 (cells/μL) | – | – | – | 1316 (635) | 1236 (676) | 0.556 |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; cART, combination ART; CPHIV, children perinatally HIV-infected; CHEU, children HIV-exposed but uninfected; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; –, not applicable.
ASI includes child proficiency in the following five areas: adaptability, social skills, leadership, activities of daily living and functional communication; BSI captures extent of the child having the following problematic behaviours: attention problems, atypicality, withdrawal, depression, hyperactivity, aggression; IPC includes display of behaviours consistent with depression, anxiety, somatization; EPC captures children’s display of the following problematic behaviours: hyperactivity, aggression, conduct problems; GEC is a global measure of caregiver rating of a dependent child for behaviours reflective of deficits in executive function – it integrates all eight executive function subscales (inhibition, shift, emotional control, initiation, working memory, planning organization, materials organization and monitoring).
P-value for difference in proportion (via χ2 tests) or difference in means (via t-tests) for children with and without any in utero/peripartum ART exposure.