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. 2021 Sep 28;40(45):6309–6320. doi: 10.1038/s41388-021-02022-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A The availability of tRNAs is a combination of their supply determined by tRNA gene expression and aminoacylation of the tRNAs, and the demand within the expressed transcriptome for each tRNA. B tRNA availability combined with the efficiency of the base-pairing between a given codon and anticodon provides a measure of the optimality of a given codon in a particular cellular context. There are some C-ending codons that require A-to-I modification of the anticodon to be decoded. C Tables depict the types of anticodon:codon base pairing that can decode each codon by either cognate, wobble or inosine interactions. Anticodons are in black and are written 3ʹ to 5ʹ. Codons are coloured according to the 3rd nucleotide position and are written 5ʹ to 3ʹ. “>” is used to indicate differences in efficiencies of decoding of inosine containing anticodons with codons that it can base-pair.