TABLE 3.

The roles of anthocyanin in bone regeneration.

Anthocyanin	Functions	In vitro	In vivo
—	—	—	Animal model	Micro-CT
Delphinidin	1. Stimulate bone formation	1. BMP2, Runx2, Osx, OCN ↑	OVX rat	1. BV/TV↑
				2. Tb.Th↑
	—	—		3. Tb.N↑
	2. Inhibit bone resorption	2. NF-κB, c-Fos, NFATc1↓		4. Tb.Sp↓
		MMP9, CTSK, DC-stamp↓		5. ES/BS↓
	—	—		6. N.Oc/BS↓
Delphinidin-3-rutinoside	Enhance osteoblast proliferation	CoL1, OCN, ALP↑	—	—
Petunidin	1. Suppress bone resorption	1. >5 μg/ml	Osteopenic mouse model	1. BV/TV↑
		c-Fos, NFATc1↓		2. Tb.Th↑
		MMP9, CTSK, DC-stamp↓		3. Tb.N↑
	—	—		4. Tb.Sp↓
	2. Accelerate osteogenesis	2. >16 μg/ml		5. Oc.S/BS
		BMP2, OCN↑		—
Malvidin	Stimulate bone formation	BMP2, Runx2↑	—	—
			—	—
Cyanidin Chloride	Protect against bone loss	1. NF-κB↓	OVX-induced osteoporosis mouse model	1. BV/TV↑
		2. IκB-α↑		2. OcS/BS↑
		3. ERK↓		3. N.Oc/BS↑
		4. NFATc1, c-Fos↑		—
Cyanidin-3-glucoside	1. Enhance osteoblast proliferation	1. OCN, ALP, Runx2↑	—	—
		—
	2. Inhibit bone resorption	2. c-Fos, NFATc1↓
		CTSK, OSCAR, Tm7sf4, Atp6v0d↓