Table 2.

The optimal dosage and the efficacies of chondroinductive/chondroconductive peptides and their-functionalized biomaterials in inducing the in-vitro and in-vivo chondrogenesis.

Name	Dosage	In-vitro efficacies	Functionalized material	In-vivo efficacies	Refs.
CK2.1	50 nM or 100 nM	At 3 weeks: Alcian blue staining 1.1 folds, pSBE (Smad binding element) luciferase activity 1.0 folds, collagen II 5.3 folds	Hyaluronan	The tail vein of C57BL/6J mice injection, C57BL/6J mice knee cartilage defects injection: increasing cartilage width, collagen II and IX expression	[99,104]
BMP peptide	47 μM	At 3 weeks: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) production 1.8 folds, total collagen content 1.7 folds, Sox9 1.2 folds, aggrecan 1.8 folds, COMP (cartilage oligomer matrix protein) 3.7 folds	Lacking	Lacking	[101,104,165]
B2A	0.075–10 μg/mL	At 7 days: Sox9 1.3 folds, collagen II 1.6 folds	Lacking	Rat mono-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) model injection: increasing cartilage GAGs and cartilaginous cells density	[38,109]
SPPEPS	100 ng/mL	At 3 days: collagen II 1.6 folds	Pentenoate-functionalized hyaluronan (PHA) hydrogel	Lacking	[110]
N-cadherin mimetic peptide	2 mM	At 3 days: collagen II 1.4 folds, aggrecan 1.8 folds, Sox9 1.7 folds; at 28 days: GAGs 1.5 folds, total collagen content 1.8 folds, chondroitin sulfate (CS) 1.39 folds, collagen II staining intensity 1.63 folds	MeHA hydrogels, KLD-12 hydrogel	Subcutaneous implantation in nude male mice: increasing GAGs and collagen content by 1.8 folds and 1.3 folds and more intense and distributed collagen II and CS staining by 1.62 folds and 1.59 folds; implantation in rabbit femoral condyle defects: promoting higher histological measures of overall defect filling, cartilage surface regularity, GAGs/cell content of neocartilage and adjacent cartilage	[41,53,118,121,122]
RGD	1 mM or 1.97 mM	At 28 days: collagen II1.3 folds, aggrecan1.8 folds	Microcavitary alginate (MA)	Lacking	[42,[127], [128], [129], [130],132]
		At 3 weeks: Sox910 folds, collagen IIA8.7 folds, collagen IIB6 folds	Sodium alginate
		At 3 days: Sox920 folds	Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
		At 7 days: Sox91.2 folds, collagen II1.9 folds, aggrecan3.1 folds	Cellulose-binding domain (CBD)
Collagen mimetic peptide (CMP)	250 μM or 500 μM	At 3 weeks: GAGs 2.5 folds, total collagen content 2.0 folds, aggrecan 2.5 folds and collagen II 2.0 folds	Poly (ethylene oxide) diacrylate (PEODA) hydrogel	Lacking	[137,138]
GFOGER peptide	15 μM or 50 μM or 100 μM	At 7 days: collagen II 6.25 folds, aggrecan 10 folds, GAGs content 1.2 folds; at 21 days: collagen II 1.7 folds, aggrecan 1.3 folds, GAGs content 1.3 folds	PEG and CMP	Lacking	[43,140,166]
Glycopeptide	10 mM	At 7 days: collagen II 10 folds, aggrecan 14 folds, Sox9 38 folds	Glc-PA/E-PA	Rabbit the full thickness osteochondral defect treated with microfracture model: distributing the staining of collagen II and Safranin-O and relatively low staining of collagen I	[143]
	0.6 mL, 6% (w/v)	At 14 days: aggrecan 4 folds and collagen II 20 folds	PPLG-g-Man/HPPA hydrogel	Subcutaneous implantation in nude male mice: increasing chondrocyte density and GAGs biosynthesis as well as increasing gene expression of collagen II and aggrecan	[144]
Link Protein N-terminal Peptide (LPP or link-N)	50 ng/mL	At 7 days: collagen II 0.9 folds, aggrecan 0.6 folds; at 14 days: collagen II 2.0 folds, aggrecan 1.1 folds	RADA16 hydrogel	Lacking	[55,153,154]