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. 2021 Nov 11;12:6514. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26734-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic of the Santa Fe Ice (SFI) geometry, where each element represents a single-domain nanomagnet, and the lattice constant is a. The unit cell (indicated in blue) is made of two composite squares (one of which is indicated in red). Each composite square has eight rectangular plaquettes, which can be categorized as pairs of “interior” plaquettes (indicated by yellow shading) that are separated by a pair of islands, and “peripheral” plaquettes that surround them. b Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image of SFI. c Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) image of SFI, in which each ferromagnetic island has black and white contrasting ends, indicating the moment poles. d X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy (XMCD-PEEM) image of SFI, in which the entire islands are either black or white, indicating the magnetic moment direction through its component projected onto the incident X-ray beam (yellow arrow).