Table 2.
Logistic regression results for self-reported hypertension among older adults, India, LASI, 2017–18.
| AOR (Overall) | 95% CI | AOR (Men) | 95% CI | AOR (Women) | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual factors | ||||||
| Age groups | ||||||
| 45–54 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| 55–64 | 1.39*** | (1.32, 1.46) | 1.41*** | (1.30, 1.53) | 1.41*** | (1.32, 1.50) |
| 65–74 | 1.76*** | (1.66, 1.87) | 1.88*** | (1.71, 2.07) | 1.81*** | (1.68, 1.96) |
| 75+ | 1.80*** | (1.66, 1.95) | 2.07*** | (1.82, 2.34) | 1.85*** | (1.66, 2.07) |
| Education level | ||||||
| No education | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Primary | 1.13*** | (1.07, 1.19) | 1.18*** | (1.09, 1.29) | 1.25*** | (1.16, 1.34) |
| Secondary | 1.06 | (0.99, 1.12) | 1.25*** | (1.14, 1.37) | 1.09 | (1.00, 1.19) |
| Higher | 1.11* | (1.02, 1.20) | 1.42*** | (1.27, 1.59) | 0.98 | (0.86, 1.11) |
| Working status | ||||||
| Never worked | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Currently working | 0.69*** | (0.66, 0.73) | 0.81* | (0.69, 0.95) | 0.79*** | (0.74, 0.85) |
| Not currently working | 0.97 | (0.92, 1.02) | 1.13 | (0.96, 1.33) | 1.05 | (0.98, 1.12) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Currently married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Widowed | 1.29*** | (1.23, 1.36) | 0.97 | (0.87, 1.08) | 1.30*** | (1.23, 1.39) |
| D/S/D/Othersa | 1.00 | (0.89, 1.12) | 0.85 | (0.70, 1.02) | 1.10 | (0.95, 1.28) |
| BMI categories | ||||||
| Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Underweight | 0.64*** | (0.60, 0.68) | 0.63*** | (0.58, 0.70) | 0.64*** | (0.59, 0.70) |
| Overweight/obese | 1.77*** | (1.69, 1.85) | 1.68*** | (1.56, 1.80) | 1.79*** | (1.69, 1.90) |
| Morbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 3.51*** | (3.32, 3.72) | 3.61*** | (3.33, 3.92) | 3.46*** | (3.20, 3.74) |
| Stroke | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 3.32*** | (2.85, 3.87) | 3.62*** | (2.97, 4.40) | 3.03*** | (2.37, 3.88) |
| Arthritis | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 1.39*** | (1.30, 1.49) | 1.32*** | (1.17, 1.48) | 1.42*** | (1.30, 1.54) |
| Difficulty in ADL b | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 1.20*** | (1.13, 1.27) | 1.27*** | (1.15, 1.41) | 1.16*** | (1.07, 1.25) |
| Difficulty in IADL c | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 1.17*** | (1.11, 1.22) | 1.15*** | (1.06, 1.25) | 1.13*** | (1.06, 1.20) |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Moderate activities | ||||||
| Inactive | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Active | 0.97 | (0.92, 1.01) | 0.95 | (0.89, 1.02) | 0.90*** | (0.85, 0.95) |
| Vigorous activities | ||||||
| Inactive | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Active | 0.91*** | (0.86, 0.96) | 0.90** | (0.83, 0.96) | 0.97 | (0.90, 1.04) |
| Smoking tobacco | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) |
| Former | 1.04 | (0.95, 1.15) | 1.06 | (0.95, 1.18) | 1.25 | (0.99, 1.58) |
| Current | 0.85*** | (0.79, 0.91) | 0.91* | (0.84, 0.98) | 0.99 | (0.85, 1.15) |
| Chewing tobacco | ||||||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Former | 1.05 | (0.92, 1.19) | 1.01 | (0.86, 1.20) | 1.13 | (0.92, 1.40) |
| Current | 0.93** | (0.88, 0.98) | 0.89** | (0.82, 0.97) | 1.03 | (0.95, 1.12) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 0.95 | (0.89, 1.01) | 1.06 | (0.99, 1.14) | 0.86 | (0.74, 1.01) |
| Household factors | ||||||
| MPCE quintile | ||||||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Poorer | 1.15*** | (1.08, 1.23) | 1.08 | (0.98, 1.20) | 1.19*** | (1.09, 1.29) |
| Middle | 1.25*** | (1.17, 1.34) | 1.16** | (1.04, 1.28) | 1.30*** | (1.20, 1.42) |
| Richer | 1.37*** | (1.28, 1.46) | 1.30*** | (1.17, 1.44) | 1.39*** | (1.28, 1.52) |
| Richest | 1.42*** | (1.33, 1.52) | 1.36*** | (1.23, 1.51) | 1.43*** | (1.30, 1.56) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Muslim | 1.23*** | (1.15, 1.31) | 1.12* | (1.01, 1.24) | 1.38*** | (1.27, 1.50) |
| Christian | 1.03 | (0.94, 1.12) | 1.00 | (0.87, 1.15) | 1.05 | (0.94, 1.18) |
| Others$ | 1.26*** | (1.15, 1.39) | 1.27*** | (1.10, 1.47) | 1.34*** | (1.18, 1.52) |
| Caste | ||||||
| Scheduled caste | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Scheduled tribe | 0.76*** | (0.70, 0.82) | 0.78*** | (0.69, 0.89) | 0.74*** | (0.66, 0.82) |
| OBC# | 0.99 | (0.93, 1.05) | 0.98 | (0.89, 1.07) | 1.00 | (0.92, 1.08) |
| Others | 1.04 | (0.97, 1.11) | 1.07 | (0.96, 1.18) | 1.02 | (0.93, 1.11) |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Urban | 1.19*** | (1.14, 1.25) | 1.19*** | (1.11, 1.28) | 1.18*** | (1.11, 1.26) |
| Region | ||||||
| North | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Central | 0.67*** | (0.62, 0.72) | 0.69*** | (0.61, 0.78) | 0.66*** | (0.60, 0.73) |
| East | 0.84*** | (0.79, 0.91) | 0.92 | (0.82, 1.03) | 0.81*** | (0.74, 0.88) |
| Northeast | 1.00 | (0.92, 1.10) | 1.10 | (0.96, 1.26) | 0.87* | (0.78, 0.99) |
| West | 0.77*** | (0.71, 0.83) | 0.83** | (0.74, 0.93) | 0.71*** | (0.64, 0.78) |
| South | 0.84*** | (0.79, 0.90) | 0.96 | (0.87, 1.06) | 0.76*** | (0.70, 0.83) |
#
Other Backward Classes.
$
Includes Sikh, Buddhist/neo-Buddhist, Jain, Parsi/Zoroastrian and others.
a
Divorced, separated, and deserted.
b
Activities of daily living includes dressing, walking across a room, bathing, eating difficulties, getting in or out of bed and toilet use (any one or more).
c
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) includes preparing a hot meal, shopping for groceries, making telephone calls, taking medications, doing work around the house or garden, managing money and getting around or finding address in unfamiliar place (any one or more).
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.
BMI, Body Mass Index; AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval.