Table 2.

Demographics, socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics by the PSQI components.

	PSQI components
Characteristics	Sleep	P -value	Sleep	P -value	Sleep	P -value	Daytime	P -value	Sleep	P -value	Sleep	P -value	Sleep	P -value
	duration		disturbances		latency		dysfunction		efficiency		medication		quality
Age group
18–24	0 (0, 1)	<0.01 b	1 (1, 1)	<0.01 b	1 (0, 2)	0.06b	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 b	0 (0, 1)	0.02b	0 (0, 0)	0.25b	2 (2, 2)	0.01 b
25–44	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
45–64	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
65+	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 2)		1 (0, 2)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Sex
Male	0 (0, 1)	0.90a	1 (1, 1)	0.33a	1 (0, 1)	0.05 a	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 a	0 (0, 1)	0.17a	0 (0, 0)	1.00a	2 (1, 2)	0.68a
Female	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Geographical area
Nicosia	0 (0, 1)	0.77b	1 (1, 1)	0.80b	1 (0, 2)	0.01 b	1 (0, 1)	0.22b	0 (0, 1)	0.08b	0 (0, 0)	0.63b	2 (1, 2)	<0.01 b
Limassol	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Larnaka	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Paphos	0 (0, 2)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (2, 3)
Ammochostos	1 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		0.5 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Residency
Urban	0 (0, 1)	0.96a	1 (1, 1)	0.67a	1 (0, 2)	1.00a	1 (0, 1)	0.69a	0 (0, 1)	1.00a	0 (0, 0)	1.00a	2 (1, 2)	0.51a
Rural	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 1)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Marital status
Married	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 b	1 (1, 1)	<0.01 b	1 (0, 2)	0.06b	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 b	0 (0, 1)	0.68b	0 (0, 0)	0.16b	2 (1, 2)	0.04 b
Single	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Divorced/Widowed	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 2)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Educational status
Primary	0 (0, 1)	0.32b	1 (1, 2)	0.01 b	1 (0, 2)	0.03 b	0 (0, 1)	<0.01 b	0 (0, 1)	0.35b	0 (0, 0)	0.10b	2 (1, 2)	0.52b
Secondary	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Higher	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Salary group
Low	0 (0, 1)	<0.01 b	1 (1, 1)	0.63b	1 (0, 2)	0.03 b	1 (0, 1)	0.02 b	0 (0, 1)	0.79b	0 (0, 0)	0.16b	2 (1, 2)	0.16b
Middle	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
High	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Physically active
Yes	0 (0, 1)	0.86a	1 (1, 1)	0.02 a	1 (0, 2)	0.07a	1 (0, 1)	0.67a	0 (0, 1)	0.51a	0 (0, 0)	1.00a	2 (1, 2)	0.95a
No	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Current smoker
Yes	0 (0, 1)	0.18a	1 (1, 1)	0.10a	1 (0, 2)	0.67a	1 (0, 1)	0.51a	0 (0, 1)	1.00a	0 (0, 0)	1.00a	2 (1, 2)	0.68a
No	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
BMI group
Underweight	1 (0, 2)	<0.01 b	1 (1, 1)	<0.01 b	1 (0, 2)	0.31b	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 b	0 (0, 1)	0.62b	0 (0, 0)	0.49b	2 (1, 3)	0.20b
Normal	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Overweight	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Obese	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 2)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)

Bold values represent statistically significant associations p < 0.05; BMI (Body Mass Index).

^aKolmogorov-Smirnov equality test.

^bKruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test.