. 2021 Oct 29;9:693332. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.693332

Table 2.

Demographics, socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics by the PSQI components.

	PSQI components
Characteristics	Sleep	P -value	Sleep	P -value	Sleep	P -value	Daytime	P -value	Sleep	P -value	Sleep	P -value	Sleep	P -value
	duration		disturbances		latency		dysfunction		efficiency		medication		quality
Age group
18–24	0 (0, 1)	<0.01 ^b	1 (1, 1)	<0.01 ^b	1 (0, 2)	0.06^b	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 ^b	0 (0, 1)	0.02^b	0 (0, 0)	0.25^b	2 (2, 2)	0.01 ^b
25–44	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
45–64	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
65+	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 2)		1 (0, 2)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Sex
Male	0 (0, 1)	0.90^a	1 (1, 1)	0.33^a	1 (0, 1)	0.05 ^a	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 ^a	0 (0, 1)	0.17^a	0 (0, 0)	1.00^a	2 (1, 2)	0.68^a
Female	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Geographical area
Nicosia	0 (0, 1)	0.77^b	1 (1, 1)	0.80^b	1 (0, 2)	0.01 ^b	1 (0, 1)	0.22^b	0 (0, 1)	0.08^b	0 (0, 0)	0.63^b	2 (1, 2)	<0.01 ^b
Limassol	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Larnaka	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Paphos	0 (0, 2)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (2, 3)
Ammochostos	1 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		0.5 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Residency
Urban	0 (0, 1)	0.96^a	1 (1, 1)	0.67^a	1 (0, 2)	1.00^a	1 (0, 1)	0.69^a	0 (0, 1)	1.00^a	0 (0, 0)	1.00^a	2 (1, 2)	0.51^a
Rural	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 1)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Marital status
Married	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 ^b	1 (1, 1)	<0.01 ^b	1 (0, 2)	0.06^b	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 ^b	0 (0, 1)	0.68^b	0 (0, 0)	0.16^b	2 (1, 2)	0.04 ^b
Single	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Divorced/Widowed	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 2)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Educational status
Primary	0 (0, 1)	0.32^b	1 (1, 2)	0.01 ^b	1 (0, 2)	0.03 ^b	0 (0, 1)	<0.01 ^b	0 (0, 1)	0.35^b	0 (0, 0)	0.10^b	2 (1, 2)	0.52^b
Secondary	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Higher	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Salary group
Low	0 (0, 1)	<0.01 ^b	1 (1, 1)	0.63^b	1 (0, 2)	0.03 ^b	1 (0, 1)	0.02 ^b	0 (0, 1)	0.79^b	0 (0, 0)	0.16^b	2 (1, 2)	0.16^b
Middle	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
High	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Physically active
Yes	0 (0, 1)	0.86^a	1 (1, 1)	0.02 ^a	1 (0, 2)	0.07^a	1 (0, 1)	0.67^a	0 (0, 1)	0.51^a	0 (0, 0)	1.00^a	2 (1, 2)	0.95^a
No	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Current smoker
Yes	0 (0, 1)	0.18^a	1 (1, 1)	0.10^a	1 (0, 2)	0.67^a	1 (0, 1)	0.51^a	0 (0, 1)	1.00^a	0 (0, 0)	1.00^a	2 (1, 2)	0.68^a
No	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
BMI group
Underweight	1 (0, 2)	<0.01 ^b	1 (1, 1)	<0.01 ^b	1 (0, 2)	0.31^b	1 (0, 1)	<0.01 ^b	0 (0, 1)	0.62^b	0 (0, 0)	0.49^b	2 (1, 3)	0.20^b
Normal	0 (0, 1)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Overweight	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 1)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)
Obese	1 (0, 2)		1 (1, 2)		1 (0, 2)		1 (0, 1)		0 (0, 1)		0 (0, 0)		2 (1, 2)

Bold values represent statistically significant associations p < 0.05; BMI (Body Mass Index).

Kolmogorov-Smirnov equality test.

Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test.