Table 3.
Prevalence (%) of persistent symptoms of COVID-19 according to the state of hospitalization, pre-existence of comorbidities, sex, age, and time since the onset of infection.
| Persistent symptoms of COVID-19, N (%) | All | Non-hospitalized | Hospitalized | Comorbidities | No comorbidities | Female | Male | Age < 1 years | Age 1–4 years | Age 5–9 years | Age 10–14 years | Age 15–18 years | <12 weeks | ≥12 weeks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 236 | N = 205 | N = 31 | N = 52 | N = 184 | N = 105 | N = 131 | N = 18 | N = 34 | N = 59 | N = 71 | N = 54 | N = 131 | N = 105 | |
| Fever | 31 (13.1) | 27 (13.2) | 4 (12.9) | 6 (11.5) | 25 (13.6) | 16 (15.2) | 15 (11.5) | 2 (11.1) | 5 (14.7) | 6 (10.2) | 11 (15.5) | 7 (13.0) | 19 (14.5) | 12 (11.4) |
| 37.5°C−38°C | 4 (1.7) | 4 (2.0) | 0 | 0 | 4 (2.0) | 1 (1.0) | 3 (2.3) | 0 | 0 | 2 (3.4) | 2 (2.8) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.9) |
| 38.1°C−39.0°C | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (3.2) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.0) |
| Fatigue | 59 (25.2) | 53 (26.0) | 6 (20.0) | 17 (33.3) | 42 (23.0) | 33 (31.7) | 26 (20.0)* | 2 (11.8) | 5 (14.7) | 10 (17.2) | 22 (31.0) | 20 (37.0)* | 39 (30.0) | 20 (19.2) |
| Cough | 34 (14.4) | 24 (11.7) | 10 (32.3)* | 10 (19.2) | 24 (13.0) | 18 (17.1) | 16 (12.2) | 2 (11.1) | 10 (29.4) | 9 (15.3) | 10 (14.1) | 3 (5.6)* | 15 (11.5) | 19 (18.1) |
| Sore throat | 12 (5.1) | 9 (4.4) | 3 (9.7) | 2 (3.8) | 10 (5.4) | 7 (6.7) | 5 (3.8) | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 5 (8.5) | 5 (7.0) | 1 (1.9) | 7 (5.3) | 5 (4.8) |
| Wheezing | 4 (1.7) | 3 (1.5) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (5.8) | 1 (0.5)* | 3 (2.9) | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 3 (4.2) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.9) |
| Rhinorrhea | 38 (16.1) | 25 (12.2) | 13 (41.9)* | 11 (21.2) | 27 (14.7) | 24 (22.9) | 14 (10.7)* | 6 (33.3) | 11 (32.4) | 8 (13.6) | 6 (8.5) | 7 (13.0)* | 21 (16.0) | 17 (16.2) |
| Shortness of breath at rest | 11 (4.7) | 9 (4.4) | 2 (6.5) | 5 (9.6) | 6 (3.3) | 10 (9.5) | 1 (0.8)* | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 7 (9.9) | 3 (5.6) | 7 (5.3) | 4 (3.8) |
| Shortness of breath with physical activities | 17 (7.2) | 13 (6.3) | 4 (12.9) | 8 (15.4) | 9 (4.9)* | 13 (12.4) | 4 (3.1)* | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 0 | 11 (15.5) | 5 (9.3)* | 9 (6.9) | 8 (7.6) |
| Difficulty swallowing | 2 (0.8) | 2 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 1 (1.4) | 0 | 0 | 2 (1.9) |
| Voice changes | 6 (2.5) | 5 (2.4) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.9) | 5 (2.7) | 5 (4.8) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (3.4) | 2 (2.8) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 4 (3.8) |
| Speech disturbances | 3 (1.3) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (6.5)* | 2 (3.8) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (2.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (2.8) | 1 (1.9) | 0 | 3 (2.9) |
| Tinnitus | 9 (3.8) | 8 (3.9) | 1 (3.2) | 4 (7.7) | 5 (2.7) | 6 (5.7) | 3 (2.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 (8.5) | 3 (5.6) | 5 (3.8) | 4 (3.8) |
| Heart rhythm disturbances | 12 (5.1) | 10 (4.9) | 2 (6.5) | 5 (9.6) | 7 (3.8) | 10 (9.5) | 2 (1.5)* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 (9.9) | 5 (9.3)* | 10 (7.6) | 2 (1.9)* |
| Orthostatic intolerance | 20 (8.5) | 18 (8.8) | 2 (6.5) | 7 (13.5) | 13 (7.1) | 14 (13.3) | 6 (4.6)* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 (14.1) | 10 (18.5)* | 13 (9.9) | 7 (6.7) |
| Tachypnoea | 6 (2.5) | 4 (2.0) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (3.8) | 4 (2.2) | 5 (4.8) | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 0 | 4 (5.6) | 1 (1.9) | 4 (3.1) | 2 (1.9) |
| Diarrhea | 10 (4.2) | 7 (3.4) | 3 (9.7) | 4 (7.7) | 6 (3.3) | 4 (3.8) | 6 (4.6) | 2 (11.1) | 2 (5.9) | 2 (3.4) | 3 (3.4) | 1 (1.9) | 6 (4.6) | 4 (3.8) |
| Vomiting/nausea | 7 (3.0) | 6 (2.9) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.9) | 6 (3.3) | 5 (4.8) | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 2 (5.9) | 1 (1.7) | 2 (2.8) | 2 (3.7) | 4 (3.1) | 3 (2.9) |
| Loss of appetite | 20 (8.5) | 17 (8.3) | 3 (9.7) | 4 (7.7) | 16 (8.7) | 13 (12.4) | 7 (5.3) | 1 (5.6) | 7 (20.6) | 4 (6.8) | 3 (4.2) | 5 (9.3) | 14 (10.7) | 6 (5.7) |
| Body weight changes | 20 (8.5) | 13 (6.3) | 7 (22.6)* | 5 (9.6) | 15 (8.2) | 12 (11.4) | 8 (6.1) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (2.9) | 3 (5.1) | 7 (9.9) | 7 (13.0) | 7 (5.3) | 13 (12.4) |
| Muscle pain | 16 (6.8) | 14 (6.8) | 2 (6.5) | 7 (13.5) | 9 (4.9) | 11 (10.5) | 5 (3.8)* | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 5 (8.5) | 7 (9.9) | 3 (5.6) | 10 (7.6) | 6 (5.7) |
| Muscle spasms | 8 (3.4) | 6 (2.9) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (3.8) | 6 (3.3) | 6 (5.7) | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.7) | 4 (5.6) | 3 (5.6) | 3 (2.3) | 5 (4.8) |
| Joint pain | 19 (8.1) | 18 (8.8) | 1 (3.2) | 5 (9.6) | 14 (7.6) | 11 (10.5) | 8 (6.1) | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 4 (6.8) | 8 (11.3) | 6 (11.1) | 13 (9.9) | 6 (5.7) |
| Stiffness | 5 (2.1) | 5 (2.4) | 0 | 0 | 5 (2.7) | 4 (3.8) | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0 | 3 (5.1) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.9) | 3 (2.3) | 2 (1.9) |
| Loss of taste and/or smell | 29 (12.3) | 28 (13.7) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (5.8) | 26 (14.1) | 17 (16.2) | 12 (9.2) | 0 | 2 (5.9) | 7 (11.9) | 12 (16.9) | 8 (14.8) | 17 (13.0) | 12 (11.4) |
| Dizziness | 21 (8.9) | 20 (9.8) | 1 (3.2) | 8 (15.7) | 13 (7.1) | 19 (18.1) | 2 (1.5)* | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 0 | 9 (12.7) | 11 (20.4)* | 14 (10.8) | 7 (6.7) |
| Headache | 40 (16.9) | 38 (18.5) | 2 (6.5) | 11 (21.2) | 29 (15.8) | 31 (29.5) | 9 (6.9)* | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 9 (15.3) | 16 (22.5) | 14 (25.9)* | 24 (18.3) | 16 (15.2) |
| Photophobia | 12 (5.1) | 11 (5.4) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (5.8) | 9 (4.9) | 9 (8.6) | 3 (2.3)* | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 1 (1.7) | 3 (4.2) | 7 (13.0) | 7 (5.3) | 5 (4.8) |
| Difficulties to concentrate | 40 (16.9) | 36 (17.6) | 4 (12.9) | 13 (25.0) | 27 (14.7) | 26 (24.8) | 14 (10.7)* | 0 | 2 (5.9) | 7 (11.9) | 16 (22.5) | 15 (27.8)* | 21 (16.0) | 19 (18.1) |
| Impaired memory | 24 (10.2) | 21 (10.2) | 3 (9.7) | 10 (19.2) | 14 (7.6)* | 15 (14.3) | 9 (6.9) | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 4 (6.8) | 12 (16.9) | 7 (13.0) | 10 (7.6) | 14 (13.3) |
| Impaired attention | 40 (16.9) | 34 (16.6) | 6 (19.4) | 14 (26.9) | 26 (14.1)* | 26 (24.8) | 14 (10.7)* | 0 | 4 (11.8) | 8 (13.6) | 15 (21.1) | 13 (24.1) | 20 (15.3) | 20 (19.0) |
| Mood changes | 55 (23.3) | 47 (22.9) | 8 (25.8) | 18 (34.6) | 37 (20.1)* | 30 (28.6) | 25 (19.1) | 0 | 10 (29.4) | 16 (27.1) | 21 (29.6) | 8 (14.8)* | 27 (20.6) | 28 (26.7) |
| Irritability | 57 (24.3) | 49 (24.0) | 8 (25.8) | 16 (31.4) | 41 (22.3) | 32 (30.5) | 25 (19.2)* | 1 (5.6) | 10 (29.4) | 16 (27.6) | 20 (28.2) | 10 (18.5) | 28 (21.5) | 29 (27.6) |
| Anxiety/depression | 31 (13.1) | 25 (12.2) | 6 (19.4) | 10 (19.2) | 21 (11.4) | 22 (21.0) | 9 (6.9)* | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 7 (11.9) | 14 (19.7) | 9 (16.7) | 14 (10.7) | 17 (16.2) |
| Hair loss | 6 (2.5) | 4 (2.0) | 2 (6.5) | 3 (5.8) | 3 (1.6) | 6 (5.7) | 0* | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 0 | 5 (7.0) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 4 (3.8) |
| Enlarged lymph nodes | 6 (2.5) | 5 (2.4) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.9) | 5 (2.7) | 2 (1.9) | 4 (3.1) | 0 | 3 (8.8) | 0 | 1 (1.4) | 2 (3.7) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (4.8) |
| Nocturnal sweating | 23 (9.7) | 18 (8.8) | 5 (16.1) | 10 (19.2) | 13 (7.1)* | 12 (11.4) | 11 (8.4) | 4 (22.2) | 2 (5.9) | 8 (13.6) | 7 (9.9) | 2 (3.7) | 12 (9.2) | 11 (10.5) |
| Menstrual disturbances | 5 (7.8) | 4 (6.9) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (11.8) | 3 (6.4) | 5 (7.8) | – | – | – | 0 | 3 (8.8) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (8.1) | 2 (7.4) |
*
p < 0.05.