Fig. 5.

Overview of the native bone tissue and bone fracture healing process. (A) Native bone is a hierarchical and heterogeneous tissue consisting of highly functional vascular networks. (B) The bone healing process upon the implantation of the pre-vascularized constructs. The repair process can be broadly classified into the following steps upon injured. (i) the recovery of injured bone tissue is usually overlooked upon severe damage due to the lack of vascular networks remolding in the defect area; (ii) the initial inflammatory phase; (iii) the subsequent regeneration phase, in which tissues and vascular systems are developed; (iv) the final tissue maturation, involving ECM remodeling and the balance between the functional achievement or scar formation.