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. 2021 Jul 13;9:92–104. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.007

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

NGO promoted the formation of new blood vessels in a rat model of calvarial bone defects. (a) NGO/GelMA nanocomposites were implanted into the defect area of rat calvarial bones. (b) HE staining of the defective region in the different groups 2 weeks after implantation. Scale bar, 100 μm. (c) CD31 immunohistochemical staining revealed newly formed blood vessels in the bone defect region 2 weeks after implantation. The results showed optimal lumen formation in the 0.5 wt% NGO/GelMA group (black arrows). Scale bar, 100 μm. (d) 3D images showing angiogenesis in the rat calvarial defect area after 2 weeks indicate adequate support and the best angiogenesis in the defective area in the group treated with the 0.5 wt% NGO/GelMA scaffold. (e) CD31 and Emcn IF staining revealed the presence of newly formed H-type blood vessels in the bone defect region (white arrows); the H-type blood vessel volume was quantified after 2 weeks. Data represent the mean ± SD (n = 6). Scale bars, 50 μm. **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0001.