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. 2021 Oct 29;12:768957. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768957

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Copyright © 2021 Westdorp, Sweep, Gorris, Hoentjen, Boers-Sonderen, Post, Heuvel, Piet, Boleij, Bloemendal and de Vries

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis (IMC). Pro-inflammatory pathways (CTL, Th17 cells, and neutrophils) are predominantly enhanced in IMC, while anti-inflammatory pathways (Treg differentiation and IL-10 secretion) are inhibited. Other cell types, such as macrophages and ILC3s, are expected to play a role in IMC, but to which extent is unknown. This image was created with BioRender.com. CTL, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, Interferon; IL, Interleukin; ILC, innate lymphoid cell; Th17, T helper 17 cell; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; Treg, regulatory T-cell; Trm, tissue-resident memory T-cell.