Table 4.
Association of higher blood lead exposure levels (above the median) and indicators of metabolic syndrome categorized according to the cutoff points.
| Indicators | All stagesa | Prenatala | Postnatala | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Glucose, ≥100 mg/dl | 1.22 | 0.64–2.33 | 0.79 | 0.46–1.37 | 0.97 | 0.56–1.68 |
| HbA1c, ≥5.7% | 0.87 | 0.50–1.48 | 0.90 | 0.55–1.44 | 1.47 | 0.85–2.52 |
| Total cholesterol, >170 mg/dl | 0.53 | 0.32−0.86 | 0.67 | 0.43–1.02 | 0.59 | 0.36–0.94 |
| Triglycerides, >75 or >90 mg/dl | 0.72 | 0.46–1.11 | 0.65 | 0.44–0.95 | 0.69 | 0.46–1.04 |
| cHDL, <45 mg/dl | 1.46 | 0.88–2.44 | 1.37 | 0.88–2.12 | 1.08 | 0.66–1.75 |
| cLDL, >110 mg/dl | 0.75 | 0.42–1.33 | 0.81 | 0.48–1.34 | 0.93 | 0.53–1.61 |
| Body fat percentage, >80th percentile | 0.78 | 0.20–2.97 | 1.62 | 0.53–4.93 | 0.65 | 0.20–2.05 |
| Waist Circumference, >80th percentile | 0.27 b | 0.08–0.86 | 0.77 | 0.29–1.99 | 0.37 | 0.13–1.07 |
| BMI for age, z-scores | 0.33 | 0.11–0.99 | 0.43 | 0.16–1.14 | 0.60 | 0.20–1.68 |
| Systolic blood pressure, >90th percentile | 0.53 | 0.32–0.85 | 0.66 | 0.41–1.02 | 0.76 | 0.46–1.24 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, >90th percentile | 0.57 | 0.34–0.95 | 0.60 | 0.37–0.98 | 0.76 | 0.45–1.26 |
cHDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; cLDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; WC, waist circumference.
a
Models adjusted for maternal characteristics (socioeconomic status, maternal age, and parity) and characteristics of infants (sex, size for gestational age, and infant age).
b
Results in bold with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).
cResults in italics with marginally significant differences (p < 0.09).