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. 2021 Nov 11;11:22061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01630-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diffusion MRI analysis showing exercise-induced differences. Top panel shows TBSS results for fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) differences between the pre- and post-exercise intervention scans, clusters are displayed at p < 0.05, FWE-corrected (TFCE) and fattened with the “tbss_fill” script for the purpose of better visualization, shown against the the mean FA fibre skeleton (green) and overlaid on the FMRIB FA 1 mm template. Red represents a significant increase in values (post > pre) and blue represents a decrease (post < pre). Bottom panel shows representative tract segmentations for the corpus callosum (genu [red], body [green], splenium [purple]), uncinate fasciculus (yellow), fornix (pink), and parahippocampal cingulum (PHC; green), overlaid on the FA map. Graph shows the partial residual plot from the linear mixed effect model, showing the effect of exercise on restricted fraction (FR), with the effects of all the control variables accounted for, with error bars representing 95% confidence intervals and individual data points. The raw tractography FR data is graphically represented in Supplementary Fig. 5.