Table 2.
Impact of various diagnostic parameters on risk of EM for patients with newly diagnosed MM diagnosed in 2014–2018.
| Univariable | Multivariable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | Pg | HR (95% CI) | Pg | |
| Age at diagnosis, years | ||||
| 18–65 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| 66–70 | 1.89 (1.42–2.52) | <0.01 | 1.72 (1.29–2.30) | <0.01 |
| 71–75 | 2.78 (2.12–3.63) | <0.01 | 2.56 (1.95–3.36) | <0.01 |
| 76–80 | 4.15 (3.23–5.34) | <0.01 | 3.41 (2.63–4.41) | <0.01 |
| >80 | 7.64 (6.06–9.63) | <0.01 | 5.03 (3.93–6.43) | <0.01 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1 (reference) | — | — | |
| Male | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 0.38 | — | — |
| Hospital type of diagnosis | ||||
| Academic | 1 (reference) | — | — | |
| Non-academic | 1.51 (1.14–2.01) | <0.01 | — | — |
| Prior malignancy | ||||
| No | 1 (reference) | — | — | |
| Yes | 1.45 (1.23–1.71) | <0.01 | — | — |
| WHO performance score | ||||
| 0–2 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| 3–4 | 6.06 (4.49–8.20) | <0.01 | 3.68 (2.71–4.99) | <0.01 |
| Unknown | 2.79 (2.34–3.32) | <0.01 | 1.95 (1.63–2.33) | <0.01 |
| % plasma cells | ||||
| <60% | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| ≥60% | 1.25 (1.05–1.47) | 0.01 | 1.19 (1.00–1.41) | 0.05 |
| Unknown | 4.00 (3.34–4.81) | <0.01 | 2.05 (1.68–2.50) | <0.01 |
| Thrombocytopeniaa | ||||
| No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 2.36 (1.85–3.00) | <0.01 | 1.76 (1.37–2.26) | <0.01 |
| Unknown | 0.74 (0.24–2.30) | 0.60 | 0.49 (0.15–1.55) | 0.22 |
| Type of M-protein | ||||
| IgG | 1 (reference) | — | — | |
| IgA | 1.00 (0.82–1.21) | 0.99 | — | — |
| LCD | 1.00 (0.82–1.21) | 0.97 | — | — |
| Other | 1.28 (0.94–1.74) | 0.12 | — | — |
| Unknown | 3.30 (2.29–4.75) | <0.01 | — | — |
| β2-microglobulinb | ||||
| <3.5 mg/L | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| ≥3.5 mg/L | 3.33 (2.56–4.33) | <0.01 | 1.59 (1.21–2.10) | <0.01 |
| Unknown | 5.30 (4.05–6.93) | <0.01 | 2.05 (1.54–2.73) | <0.01 |
| Albuminb | ||||
| ≥35 g/L | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| <35 g/L | 2.71 (2.32–3.16 | <0.01 | 1.72 (1.45–2.02) | <0.01 |
| Unknown | 1.15 (0.70–1.88) | 0.58 | 0.76 (0.45–1.27) | 0.30 |
| Hypercalcemiac | ||||
| No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 2.36 (2.02–2.75) | <0.01 | 1.69 (1.44–1.99) | <0.01 |
| Unknown | 0.59 (0.30–1.20) | 0.15 | 0.59 (0.29–1.21) | 0.15 |
| Poor renal functiond | ||||
| No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.99 (1.70–2.32) | <0.01 | 1.42 (1.21–1.67) | <0.01 |
| Unknown | 0.37 (0.09–1.46) | 0.16 | 0.59 (0.14–2.44) | 0.47 |
| Anemiae | ||||
| No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | — | |
| Yes | 1.96 (1.70–2.27) | <0.01 | 1.17 (1.00–1.36) | 0.05 |
| Unknown | — | — | — | — |
| Bone lesion | ||||
| 0 | 1 (reference) | — | — | |
| ≥1 | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) | 0.09 | ||
| Unknown | 3.23 (2.51–4.15) | <0.01 | ||
| Cytogenetic riskf | ||||
| Standard risk | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| High risk | 1.24 (0.99–1.55) | 0.07 | 1.25 (1.00–1.57) | 0.05 |
| Unknown | 2.87 (2.43–3.39) | <0.01 | 1.59 (1.33–1.91) | <0.01 |
MM multiple myeloma, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, LCD light chain disease.
aThrombocytopenia: thrombocytes <100 × 109/L.
bThe impact of the separate parameters of International Staging System (ISS) was evaluated rather than the ISS score.
cHypercalcemia: serum calcium >2.75 mmol/L.
dPoor renal function: creatinine >177 mmol/L.
eAnemia: hemoglobin <6.2 mmol/L.
fHigh risk; presence of t(4;14), t(14;16), and/or del(17p), standard risk; presence of any other chromosomal aberration or without any aberration, unknown; no cytogenetic assessment performed.
gStatistically significant P values (P < 0.05) are presented in bold.