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. 2021 Nov 11;11(11):178. doi: 10.1038/s41408-021-00571-8

Table 2.

Impact of various diagnostic parameters on risk of EM for patients with newly diagnosed MM diagnosed in 2014–2018.

Univariable Multivariable
HR (95% CI) Pg HR (95% CI) Pg
Age at diagnosis, years
 18–65 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 66–70 1.89 (1.42–2.52) <0.01 1.72 (1.29–2.30) <0.01
 71–75 2.78 (2.12–3.63) <0.01 2.56 (1.95–3.36) <0.01
 76–80 4.15 (3.23–5.34) <0.01 3.41 (2.63–4.41) <0.01
 >80 7.64 (6.06–9.63) <0.01 5.03 (3.93–6.43) <0.01
Gender
 Female 1 (reference)
 Male 0.94 (0.81–1.08) 0.38
Hospital type of diagnosis
 Academic 1 (reference)
 Non-academic 1.51 (1.14–2.01) <0.01
Prior malignancy
 No 1 (reference)
 Yes 1.45 (1.23–1.71) <0.01
WHO performance score
 0–2 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 3–4 6.06 (4.49–8.20) <0.01 3.68 (2.71–4.99) <0.01
 Unknown 2.79 (2.34–3.32) <0.01 1.95 (1.63–2.33) <0.01
% plasma cells
 <60% 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 ≥60% 1.25 (1.05–1.47) 0.01 1.19 (1.00–1.41) 0.05
 Unknown 4.00 (3.34–4.81) <0.01 2.05 (1.68–2.50) <0.01
Thrombocytopeniaa
 No 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 Yes 2.36 (1.85–3.00) <0.01 1.76 (1.37–2.26) <0.01
 Unknown 0.74 (0.24–2.30) 0.60 0.49 (0.15–1.55) 0.22
Type of M-protein
 IgG 1 (reference)
 IgA 1.00 (0.82–1.21) 0.99
 LCD 1.00 (0.82–1.21) 0.97
 Other 1.28 (0.94–1.74) 0.12
 Unknown 3.30 (2.29–4.75) <0.01
β2-microglobulinb
 <3.5 mg/L 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 ≥3.5 mg/L 3.33 (2.56–4.33) <0.01 1.59 (1.21–2.10) <0.01
 Unknown 5.30 (4.05–6.93) <0.01 2.05 (1.54–2.73) <0.01
Albuminb
 ≥35 g/L 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 <35 g/L 2.71 (2.32–3.16 <0.01 1.72 (1.45–2.02) <0.01
 Unknown 1.15 (0.70–1.88) 0.58 0.76 (0.45–1.27) 0.30
Hypercalcemiac
 No 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 Yes 2.36 (2.02–2.75) <0.01 1.69 (1.44–1.99) <0.01
 Unknown 0.59 (0.30–1.20) 0.15 0.59 (0.29–1.21) 0.15
Poor renal functiond
 No 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 Yes 1.99 (1.70–2.32) <0.01 1.42 (1.21–1.67) <0.01
 Unknown 0.37 (0.09–1.46) 0.16 0.59 (0.14–2.44) 0.47
Anemiae
 No 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 Yes 1.96 (1.70–2.27) <0.01 1.17 (1.00–1.36) 0.05
 Unknown
Bone lesion
 0 1 (reference)
 ≥1 0.86 (0.72–1.02) 0.09
 Unknown 3.23 (2.51–4.15) <0.01
Cytogenetic riskf
 Standard risk 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 High risk 1.24 (0.99–1.55) 0.07 1.25 (1.00–1.57) 0.05
 Unknown 2.87 (2.43–3.39) <0.01 1.59 (1.33–1.91) <0.01

MM multiple myeloma, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, LCD light chain disease.

aThrombocytopenia: thrombocytes <100 × 109/L.

bThe impact of the separate parameters of International Staging System (ISS) was evaluated rather than the ISS score.

cHypercalcemia: serum calcium >2.75 mmol/L.

dPoor renal function: creatinine >177 mmol/L.

eAnemia: hemoglobin <6.2 mmol/L.

fHigh risk; presence of t(4;14), t(14;16), and/or del(17p), standard risk; presence of any other chromosomal aberration or without any aberration, unknown; no cytogenetic assessment performed.

gStatistically significant P values (P < 0.05) are presented in bold.