Fig. 6.
Histological analysis of the immunomodulatory and osteoinductive capacities of functionalized Ti-based materials in vivo. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of different modified TiO2 substrates regulating macrophage polarization in osteoporotic rats (Scale bar = 50 μm). (B, C) Quantitative analysis of the polarization of macrophages in vivo. (D) Representative histological images of Ti-based screws stained with toluidine blue (Scale bar = 50 μm). (E) The average histomorphometric values of bone-implant contact (BIC). Significant differences were indicated by *p < 0.05 or **p < 0.01 compared with bare TiO2 surfaces, and #p < 0.05 or ##p < 0.01 compared with the dual-functionalized Ti-based materials (n = 3). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)