Table 3.

Characteristics of different types of HBV mouse model.

Mouse models	Advantages	Applications	Limitations
Hydrodynamic injection	Immunocompetent Transient and persistent replication model	Investigate immune responses Testing novel antiviral agents HBV variants or mutants	No cccDNA; No infection; Relatively lower efficiency; Liver damage
Viral vector-mediated transfection model
Ad-HBV transduction	Immunocompetent	Immune-mediated viral clearance	No cccDNA; No infection; High non-HBV immune response; Transient replication
AAV-HBV transduction	Immunocompetent Higher transfection efficiency Persistent replication	Test antiviral agents Study mechanism of fibrosis(?)	cccDNA rarely observed; No infection; immune tolerance
rc-cccDNA mouse model	cccDNA formation	Antiviral agents targeting cccDNA	No infection; not the physical DNA formed by rcDNA
HBV transgenic mouse model
Single protein-transgenic mice	Express single HBV protein	Virology and oncogenic potential of HBV proteins	No infection; No cccDNA No HBV replication
Full genome-transgenic mice	Whole HBV life cycle Effective viral replication	Antiviral drugs interfering HBV replication	No infection; No cccDNA Self-tolerance; Not cytopathic
Liver humanized mouse model	Susceptible to HBV infection cccDNA formation	Study viral infection Interaction between HBV and host	Immune deficient High cost Technical challenging
Immunocompetent human liver chimeric mice	Immunocompetent Susceptible to HBV infection cccDNA formation	Study viral infection Immune responses	High cost Technical challenging