Table 1.
Deregulated genes in AD and Psoriasis.
| Gene | Pathways | Key Message | Disease | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-17 | IL-17 Pathway | Central in the psoriatic pathogenesis | Psoriasis | (17, 18) |
| IL-17RA | Psoriasis | (17–19) | ||
| IL-17F | Psoriasis | (17, 18) | ||
| IL-12 | IL-12 Pathway | Psoriasis | (17–20) | |
| IL-12B | Psoriasis | (17, 18) | ||
| IL-22 | IL-22 Pathway | Psoriasis | (17, 18) | |
| IL-23 | IL-23 Pathway | Psoriasis | (17, 18) | |
| IL-6 | IL-17 mediated inflammatory Pathway | Psoriasis | (17) | |
| IL-1α | Psoriasis | (17, 21) | ||
| CXCL1 | Immunomodulatory chemokines | Psoriasis; AD | (17, 22) | |
| CCL20 | Psoriasis | (17) | ||
| IL-1α | IL-1 pathways | Mayor epidermal proinflammatory cytokines and positively correlated with symptoms in psoriasis and AD | (17, 21) | |
| IL-36 | Function on both fibroblasts and KCs, as well as immune system | Psoriasis; AD | (21, 23) | |
| TNF-α | TNF-α pathway | An important inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages. Functions in active DCs to induce IL-23 secretion, and activate KCs to induce KRT6 and KRT16. | Psoriasis | (21) |
| IL-8 | KC-derived inflammatory mediators | Plays a causative role in acute inflammation | Psoriasis | (24) |
| IL-9 | TH9 cytokine | Enhancing cytokine secretion from TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells to amplify immune responses | Psoriasis | (24) |
| IL-20 | KC-derived inflammatory mediators | Function in promote cutaneous inflammation | Psoriasis | (24) |
| IL-24 | IL-20 family cytokine | Binging with IL-20 receptors to activates JAKs and STAT3 signaling pathway | Psoriasis; AD | (25, 26) |
| IL-13 | TH2 cytokine | Central in AD pathogenesis; Also reported to be elevated in psoriasis | Psoriasis; AD | (25, 27, 28) |
| TGF-α | Function as immune-suppressor | Psoriasis | (25) | |
| IFN-γ | IFN-γ Pathway | Induce CXCL10 and CXCL11 in KCs | Psoriasis | (25) |
| IL-31 | IL-31 Pathway | Key factor to trigger itch | Psoriasis; AD | (25, 29) |
| TRPV1 | Calcium-permeable cation TRPs channels | Cross talk with neurons and immune responses | Psoriasis; AD | |
| TRPVM8 | Psoriasis | (30) | ||
| TRPV3 | Psoriasis | (30) | ||
| TRPC4 | Psoriasis | (30) | ||
| IL-4 | TH2 type inflammation loop | Central in AD pathogenesis | AD | (27, 28, 31, 32) |
| IL-5 | Essential eosinophil growth factor, function in differentiation. | AD | (31, 32) | |
| RAD50 | An important DNA repair molecule; Effect IgE regulation | AD | (5) | |
| IgE | Genetic marker of AD | AD | (32) | |
| TSLP | Type 2 inflammatory cytokines | Genetic marker of AD | AD | (33) |
| IL-33 | Sufficient for AD development; Induce IL-31 to promote itch; Reduce filaggrin and claudin-1 | AD | (34) | |
| IL-25 | Important in regulation of skin inflammation | AD | (35) | |
| TREM-1 | Innate and adaptive immunity | A neutrophils expressed receptor, function in pattern recognition | AD | (23) |
| IL-10 | IL-10 family cytokines | An anti-inflammatory cytokine, central in infection by limiting immune responses | AD | (22) |
| KRT16 | Epidermal differentiation pathway | Functions on epidermal differentiation | AD | (22) |
| S100A8 | Function as a Ca2+ sensor, and important in modulating the inflammatory response | AD | (22) | |
| S100A9 | AD | (22) | ||
| CXCL6 | Immunomodulatory chemokines | Up regulated by IL-4 | AD | (22) |
| FOXK1 | Negative regulator of T-cell activation | Act as immune regulator | AD | (22) |
| FLG | Epidermal differentiation complex | Function in maintenance of skin barrier | AD | (22) |
| LOR | AD | (22) | ||
| KRT10 | AD | (22) | ||
| KLK5 | Kallikren related peptidase | Degrading desmosomal proteins and inducing proinflammatory cytokine secretion via protease activity | AD | (29) |
| KLK14 | AD | (29) | ||
| KLK7 | AD | (36) | ||
| SPINK5 | Protease inhibitors | Regulate epidermal differentiation via Wnt-beta-catenin Pathway | AD | (29) |
| AQP3 | Aquaporin | Regulate epidermal water homeostasis | AD | (29) |
| TRPV2 | Calcium-permeable cation TRPs channels | Cross talk with neurons and immune responses | AD | (30) |
| TRPA1 | AD | (30) |