Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by diabetes status.
| Characteristics | Diabetes status | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-Diabetes (n=1440) | Prediabetes (n=3341) | <5y Diabetes (n=1020) | ≥5y Diabetes (n=1073) | ||
| Age (years) | 64.5 ± 4.92 | 65.0 ± 4.91 | 64.7 ± 4.98 | 65.5 ± 4.81 | <0.001 |
| Sex (women) | 706 (49.03) | 1703 (50.97) | 435 (42.65) | 491 (45.76) | <0.001 |
| Intervention group | 730 (50.69) | 1632 (48.85) | 503 (49.31) | 541 (50.42) | 0.623 |
| Education level | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary school or less | 653 (45.35) | 1627 (48.70) | 489 (47.94) | 593 (55.27) | |
| High school | 417 (28.96) | 976 (29.21) | 302 (29.61) | 291 (27.12) | |
| College | 370 (25.69) | 738 (22.09) | 229 (22.45) | 189 (17.61) | |
| Civil status | 0.803 | ||||
| Single, divorced or separated | 199 (13.82) | 440 (13.17) | 123 (12.06) | 135 (12.58) | |
| Married | 1097 (76.18) | 2546 (76.20) | 797 (78.14) | 821 (76.51) | |
| Widower | 144 (10.00) | 355 (10.63) | 100 (9.80) | 117 (10.90) | |
| Physical activity (MET min/week) | 2508 ± 2433 | 2493 ± 2264 | 2344 ± 2140 | 2420 ± 2378 | 0.236 |
| Current smoker | 0.195 | ||||
| Smoker | 170 (11.81) | 418 (12.51) | 138 (13.53) | 131 (12.21) | |
| Former smoker | 602 (41.81) | 1434 (42.92) | 463 (45.39) | 484 (45.11) | |
| Never smoker | 668 (46.39) | 1434 (44.57) | 419 (41.08) | 458 (42.68) | |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 11.0 ± 14.2 | 11.6 ± 15.9 | 11.7 ± 15.6 | 9.8 ± 14.6 | 0.004 |
| 17-point Mediterranean diet score | 8.51 ± 2.71 | 8.37 ± 2.70 | 8.64 ± 2.60 | 8.72 ± 2.55 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 32.2 ± 3.46 | 32.6 ± 3.41 | 32.9 ± 3.49 | 32.6 ± 3.52 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.91 ± 2.61 | 5.08 ± 3.14 | 6.65 ± 4.19 | 6.30 ± 4.45 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.4 ± 4.7 | 40.5 ± 3.5 | 49.3 ± 10.2 | 54.7 ± 13.1 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.48 ± 0.43 | 5.86 ± 0.32 | 6.66 ± 0.93 | 7.16 ± 1.20 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1192 (82.78) | 2764 (82.73) | 855 (83.82) | 947 (88.26) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 966 (67.08) | 2281 (68.27) | 755 (74.02) | 811 (75.58) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptomatology | 281 (19.51) | 667 (19.96) | 226 (22.16) | 253 (23.58) | 0.029 |
| Cognitive assessments | Diabetes status | ||||
| No-Diabetes | Prediabetes | <5y Diabetes | ≥5y Diabetes | ||
| MMSE (n=6654) | 28.3 ± 1.85 | 28.3 ± 1.86 | 28.2 ± 1.95 | 28 ± 2.10 | <0.001 |
| CDT (n=6659) | 5.95 ± 1.29 | 5.96 ± 1.21 | 6.02 ± 1.12 | 5.76 ± 1.34 | <0.001 |
| DST-f (n=5867) | 8.95 ± 2.59 | 8.78 ± 2.39 | 8.87 ± 2.48 | 8.52 ± 2.48 | <0.001 |
| DST-b (n= 5864) | 5.28 ± 2.36 | 5.11 ± 2.20 | 5.19 ± 2.19 | 4.93 ± 2.15 | 0.043 |
| VFT-a (n=6816) | 16.4 ± 5.00 | 16.1 ± 4.75 | 16.1 ± 4.84 | 15.2 ± 4.65 | <0.001 |
| VFT-p (n=6816) | 12.6 ± 4.62 | 12.4 ± 4.53 | 12 ± 4.35 | 11.4 ± 4.39 | <0.001 |
| TMT-A (n=6802)§ | 50.9 ± 28.0 | 52.3 ± 27.5 | 52.7 ± 30.2 | 56.2 ± 30.2 | <0.001 |
| TMT-B (n=6783)§ | 121.6 ± 68.6 | 128.0 ± 70.2 | 130.1 ± 72.3 | 144.2 ± 79.6 | <0.001 |
<5y diabetes, less than 5 years diabetes duration; ≥5y diabetes, more than 5 years diabetes duration; GCF, Global Cognitive Function; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; DST-f, Digit Span Test forward section; DST-b, Digit Span Test backward section; VFT-a, Verbal Fluency Test animal category; VFT-p, Verbal Fluency Test letter “p”; TMT-A, Trail Making Test part A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test part B.
§ Inverse neuropsychological assessment score.
Data are n (%) or mean ± SD for categorical and quantitative variables, respectively.
Only the participants reported in each neuropsychological assessment are available.
Chi-square is used for categorical variables and One-way ANOVA for quantitative variables.