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. 2021 Oct 29;12:754347. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.754347

Table 4.

Association between baseline HbA1c levels (per one mmol/mol increment) and cognitive Z-scores changes.

Z-scores Model 1 Model 2
β (95% CI) P-value β (95% CI) P-value
GCF (n=4406) -0.0085 (-0.0115, -0.0055) <0.001* -0.0056 (-0.0081, -0.0030) <0.001*
MMSE (n=5162) -0.0043 (-0.0071, -0.0015) 0.002* -0.0029 (-0.0055, -0.0002) 0.035*
CDT (n=5166) -0.0017 (-0.0043, 0.0009) 0.210 -0.0007 (-0.0032, 0.0019) 0.615
DST-f (n=4601) -0.0030 (-0.0061, 0.0001) 0.058 -0.0015 (-0.0045, 0.0015) 0.330
DST-b (n=4600) -0.0042 (-0.0072, -0.0013) 0.005* -0.0023 (-0.0051, 0.0005) 0.114
VFT-a (n=5316) -0.0071 (-0.0099, -0.0043) <0.001* -0.0051 (-0.0078, -0.0024) <0.001*
VFT-p (n=5316) -0.0087 (-0.0118, -0.0056) <0.001* -0.0063 (-0.0091, -0.0035) <0.001*
TMT-A (n=5307)§ 0.0074 (0.0045, 0.0103) <0.001* 0.0053 (0.0025, 0.0081) <0.001*
TMT-B (n=5296)§ 0.0072 (0.0043, 0.0100) <0.001* 0.0045 (0.0019, 0.0072) 0.001*

GCF, Global Cognitive Function; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; DST-f, Digit Span Test forward section; DST-b, Digit Span Test backward section; VFT-a, Verbal Fluency Test animal category; VFT-p, Verbal Fluency Test letter “p”; TMT-A, Trail Making Test part A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test part B.

§ Inverse neuropsychological assessment score.

Missing data on HbA1c (n=633).

Model 1: adjusted for sex, age (in years), intervention group, and center size (<250; 250-300, 300-400; ≥400).

Model 2: further adjusted for baseline education level (primary school; secondary school; college), civil status (single, divorced or separated; married; widower), physical activity (MET min/week), smoking habits (smoker; former smoker; never smoker), alcohol intake (g/day, adding the quadratic term), 17-point Mediterranean diet score, BMI (kg/m²), hypertension (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), and depressive symptomatology (yes/no).

Beta coefficients were estimated using linear regression models with robust standard errors to account for intracluster correlations.

*Significant association after Benjamini-Hochberg correction.