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. 2021 Oct 29;12:752940. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752940

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Copyright © 2021 Cooper, Gloschat, Swift, Prudencio, McCullough, Jaimes and Posnack.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Activation time measurements. Voltage and calcium activation maps generated from excised Langendorff-perfused hearts, during (A) sinus and (B) epicardial dynamic pacing applied to the left ventricle (rat: 200 ms, guinea pig: 200 ms, swine: 350 ms PCL). (C) Left: Average activation time delay during sinus rhythm, compared with dynamic epicardial pacing (n = 10 rat, n = 7 guinea pig, n = 6–8 swine independent heart preparations). Right: Activation time restitution curves for rat (n = 4–8), guinea pig (n = 6–7), and swine (n = 3–6 independent heart preparations).