TABLE 3.

Summary of main PTMs, the catalytic enzymes taking part in the reaction and the effects of PTMs on MTs/cells.

PTM	α-tubulin	β-tubulin	Catalytic enzymes	Effect on MTs
Acetylation	Yes	Yes	α-Tat1 and San acetyl transferase	Marker of stable MTs (Li and Yang, 2015) and recruitment of motor MTBPs (Dompierre et al., 2007)
Deacetylation	Yes	Yes	HDAC6 and Sirt2	Increases cell motility (Hubbert et al., 2002)
Tyrosination	Yes	No	TTL family	Marker of stable MTs
Detyrosination	Yes	No	VASH1/SVBP complex	Important for alignment of chromosomes during mitosis (Barisic et al., 2015)
Δ2-tubulin	Yes	No	CCP family	Marker of long-lived MTs (Paturle-Lafanechère et al., 1994)
Δ3-tubulin	Yes	No	CCP family	Marker of long-lived MTs (Paturle-Lafanechère et al., 1994)
Polyglutamylation	Yes	Yes	TTLL family	Regulation of MT-MAP interactions
Deglutamylation	Yes	Yes	CCP family	Regulation of MT-MAP interactions
Polyglycylation	Yes	Yes	TTLL family	Unknown in mammals
Deglycylation	Yes	Yes	Not found	Unknown in mammals
Polyamination	Yes	Yes	Transglutaminases	Stabilization of MTs in neurons
Phosphorylation			CDK1, Syk	Regulate MT behavior during cell division (Janke and Magiera, 2020)