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Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Left: ALD patients show an increased proportion of Enterococcus faecalis in their intestines. The gut‐liver axis mediates the transfer of cytolysin, the toxin from Enterococcus faecalis, causes liver damage. Right: The increase Klebsiella pneumoniae population and their transfer to the mesenteric lymph node elicit Th17 activation, thereby promoting PSC pathogenesis
