. 2021 Sep 27;112(11):4433–4443. doi: 10.1111/cas.15142

TABLE 1.

Diseases and nutrients associated with an increased intestinal permeability

Disease/Condition	Nutrients that affect the disease	Permeability changes
Inflammatory bowel disease	Fat Glucose Dietary fiber (favorable effect)	Altered expression and distribution of tight junction proteins ¹¹
Celiac disease	Gluten	Altered structure of tight junction proteins ¹¹ , ¹² and increased levels of zonulin in blood ¹³
Obesity	Fat Glucose Fructose	Altered expression of tight junction proteins, and increased levels of zonulin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in blood ¹⁴
Alcoholic liver diseases,	Ethanol	Increased gut permeability ³⁸
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes	Glucose	Increased levels of LPS and zonulin in blood ¹⁵ , ¹⁶
Neural and psychiatric diseases (Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and neuropsychiatric disorders including depression and autism)	–	Increased LPS and zonulin levels in blood ⁶ , ¹⁷