Table 1.

Constructs defined.

Training	“A learning process where people learn knowledge, attitudes, concept, and skills to achieve organizational goals” (Ripley, 2002)
Performance appraisal	“The process by which superiors evaluate the performance of employees for determining training needs or promotions” (Grote and Grote, 2011)
Career planning	“Process of targeting career development and implementation of strategies, self-assessment, analysis and evaluation of results” (Antoniu, 2010)
Employee participation	“Participation of non-managerial employees in decision making” (Kapur, 2018)
Job definition	“A list of job duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities” (Valenzi and Dessler, 1978)
Compensation	“ A combination of non-financial and financial remuneration given to employees in return for performance by the employer as salary, bonus etc.” (Osibanjo et al., 2014)
Selection	“The process of choosing the most suitable person from a pool of candidates, within or outside the organization” (Koontz, 2010)
Faculty performance	“The degree to which a faculty member has achieved goals of teaching or service at the organization” (Kurz et al., 1989)