Fig. 5.

AE, LD and in vitro insulin release profile of the developed NPs. a) AE ($w/w$) and LD ($w/w$) of UnTHCPSi, UnTHCPSi@LNPs and UnTHCPSi@LNPs-Fc; b) Insulin release profile from the NPs at different steps of preparation; the percentages of insulin released were compared at time points from 15 min to 11 h. The experiments were conducted at 37 °C, under magnetic stirring, with the particles dispersed in different buffer solutions at pH 1.2, pH 6.5 and pH 7.4. Results are expressed as mean ± s.d. of three independent batches ($n$ = 3). Two-way ANOVA was used for the statistical analyses of the measured values, followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. Data sets were compared at the last time point to the control (UnTHCPSi NPs). The level of significant differences was set at probabilities of *$p<$ 0.05, **$p<$ 0.01, ***$p<$ 0.001, and ****$p<$ 0.0001. Results are expressed as mean ± s.d. of three independent samples ($n$ = 3).