Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019, Stratified by Statin Treatment Group (N = 1179)
| Characteristic | Patients, No. With Characteristic/No. in Statin Treatment Group (%)a | P Valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group A: Continued (n=466) | Group B: Discontinued (n=42) | Group C: Newly Initiated (n=311) | Group D: Never (n=360) | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Male sex | 298/466 (63.9) | 26/42(61.9) | 173/311 (55.6) | 179/360 (49.7) | .001 |
| Age, median (IQR) | 68 (59–78) [n=466] | 70 (58–78) [n=42] | 55 (43–66) [n=311] | 48 (35–62) [n=360] | <.001 |
| Age >65 y | 265/466 (56.9) | 24/42 (57.1) | 83/311 (26.7) | 71/360 (19.7) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 233/457 (51) | 23/42 (54.8) | 84/301 (27.9) | 114/355 (32.1) | <.001 |
| Black or African American | 40/457 (8.8) | 7/42 (16.7) | 43/301 (14.3) | 37/355 (10.4) | |
| Hispanic | 131/457 (28.7) | 10/42 (23.8) | 129/301 (42.9) | 159/355 (44.8) | |
| Other (American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, others) | 53/457 (11.6) | 2/42 (4.8) | 45/301 (15) | 45/355 (12.7) | |
| Active smoker | 24/442 (5.4) | 7/37 (18.9) | 15/275 (5.5) | 39/330 (11.8) | <.001 |
| BMI,c median (IQR) | 29 (26–34) [n=430] | 29 (25–32) [n=38] | 30 (26–34) [n=290] | 29 (25–34) [n=316] | .74 |
| BMI ≥30c | 192/430 (44.7) | 14/38 (36.8) | 141/290 (48.6) | 146/316 (46.2) | .50 |
| Comorbid conditions at admission | |||||
| Coronary artery disease | 140/466 (30) | 6/42 (14.3) | 9/311 (2.9) | 12/360 (3.3) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 90/466 (19.3) | 6/42 (14.3) | 15/311 (4.8) | 19/360 (5.3) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 349/466 (74.9) | 29/42 (69) | 130/311 (41.8) | 100/360 (27.8) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 261/466 (56) | 24/42 (57.1) | 76/311 (24.4) | 42/360 (11.7) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 320/466 (68.7) | 19/42 (45.2) | 59/311 (19) | 46/360 (12.8) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 121/458 (26.4) | 9/41 (22) | 31/299 (10.4) | 32/356 (9) | <.001 |
| Dialysis | 18/458 (3.9) | 1/41 (2.4) | 7/299 (2.3) | 6/356 (1.7) | .24 |
| Chronic liver diseased | 37/458 (8.1) | 5/41 (12.2) | 30/299 (10) | 36/353 (10.2) | .57 |
| Alcohol-related cirrhosis | 4/458 (0.9) | 2/41 (4.9) | 5/299 (1.7) | 4/353 (1.1) | .16 |
| NAFLD | 22/458 (4.8) | 0/41 (0) | 16/299 (5.4) | 14/353 (4) | .50 |
| Current viral hepatitis | 18/466 (3.9) | 1/42 (2.4) | 11/311 (3.5) | 25/360 (6.9) | .12 |
| HIV | 6/413 (1.5) | 0/40 (0) | 4/283 (1.4) | 6/329 (1.8) | .95 |
| History of cancer | 88/459 (19.2) | 10/42 (23.8) | 43/298 (14.4) | 32/354 (9) | <.001 |
| Pulmonary disease | 167/461 (36.2) | 14/41 (34.1) | 76/301 (25.2) | 91/357 (25.5) | .001 |
| COPD | 71/461 (15.4) | 6/41 (14.6) | 20/301 (6.6) | 23/357 (6.4) | <.001 |
| Asthma | 60/461 (13) | 7/41 (17.1) | 37/301 (12.3) | 55/357 (15.4) | .55 |
| ILD | 3/461 (0.7) | 0/41 (0) | 3/301 (1) | 3/357 (0.8) | .94 |
| Home oxygen supplementation | 14/461 (3) | 1/41 (2.4) | 3/301 (1) | 3/357 (0.8) | .06 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 46/466 (9.9) | 4/42 (9.5) | 16/311 (5.1) | 12/360 (3.3) | .001 |
| History of organ transplantation | 13/462 (2.8) | 2/41 (4.9) | 6/301 (2) | 7/356 (2) | .48 |
| Immunosuppressive treatment in past 6 mo | 36/448 (8) | 4/38 (10.5) | 16/295 (5.4) | 22/353 (6.2) | .37 |
| Type and dose of statin at presentation to care | |||||
| Atorvastatin (any) | 309/458 (67.5) | 28/41 (68.3) | … | … | .36 |
| Atorvastatin (10–20mg/d) | 95/309 (30.7) | 7/28 (25) | … | … | |
| Atorvastatin (40–60mg/d) | 116/309 (37.5) | 12/28 (42.9) | … | … | |
| Atorvastatin (80mg/d) | 85/309 (27.5) | 7/28 (25) | … | … | |
| Atorvastatin (unknown dosage) | 13/309 (4.2) | 2/28 (7.1) | … | … | |
| Rosuvastatin | 39/458 (8.5) | 1/41 (2.4) | … | … | |
| Other statins | 110/458 (24) | 12/41 (29.3) | … | … | |
| Type and dose of statin during hospitalization | |||||
| Atorvastatin | 331/434 (76.3) | … | 274/285 (96.1) | … | <.001 |
| Atorvastatin (10–20mg/d) | 76/331 (23) | … | 53/274 (19.3) | … | |
| Atorvastatin (40–60mg/d) | 138/331 (41.7) | … | 147/274 (53.6) | … | |
| Atorvastatin (80mg/d) | 117/331 (35.3) | … | 74/274 (27) | … | |
| Atorvastatin (unknown dosage) | 0/331 (0) | … | 0/274 (0) | … | |
| Rosuvastatin | 33/434 (7.6) | … | 6/285 (2.1) | … | |
| Other statins | 70/434 (16.1) | … | 5/285 (1.8) | … | |
| Duration of preadmission statin use at presentation to care | |||||
| ≤1 y | 54/466 (11.6) | 4/42 (9.5) | … | … | .97 |
| >1 y | 244/466 (52.4) | 23/42 (54.8) | … | … | |
| Unknown | 168/466 (36.1) | 15/42 (35.7) | … | … | |
| ACE inhibitor | 116/466 (24.9) | 4/42 (9.5) | 30/311 (9.6) | 33/360 (9.2) | <.001 |
| Azithromycin | 17/457 (3.7) | 2/42 (4.8) | 18/302 (6) | 22/353 (6.2) | .33 |
| Immunosuppressants | 42/466 (9) | 3/42 (7.1) | 20/311 (6.4) | 22/360 (6.1) | .40 |
| Oral steroid | 29/466 (6.2) | 3/42 (7.1) | 13/311 (4.2) | 17/360 (4.7) | .51 |
| Immunomodulators | 13/466 (2.8) | 2/42 (4.8) | 10/311 (3.2) | 8/360 (2.2) | .60 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 4/466 (0.9) | 0/42 (0) | 3/311 (1) | 3/360 (0.8) | >.99 |
| Symptomatic at presentation to care | 439/462 (95) | 36/40 (90) | 305/309 (98.7) | 333/357 (93.3) | .001 |
| First available laboratory values, median (IQR)e | |||||
| WBC count, cells/µL | 6.5 (4.9–8.3) [n=466] | 7.1 (5.2–10.5) [n=40] | 6.8 (5.2–9.2) [n=311] | 6.7 (4.9–9.2) [n=349] | .15 |
| AST, U/L | 40 (28–56) [n=463] | 58 (30–121) [n=38] | 44 (31–65) [n=311] | 48 (30–72) [n=338] | <.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 27 (18–42) [n=463] | 34 (23–62) [n=38] | 34 (21–58) [n=311] | 34 (21–66) [n=338] | <.001 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) [n=463] | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) [n=38] | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) [n=311] | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) [n=339] | .12 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 86 (67–108) [n=463] | 91 (69–127) [n=38] | 75 (59–95) [n=311] | 80 (62–108) [n=338] | <.001 |
| Troponin, ng/L | 17 (8–39) [n=451] | 39 (14–90) [n=38] | 8 (6–17) [n=305] | 7 (6–18) [n=322] | <.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 74 (33–142) [n=459] | 85 (48–152) [n=36] | 89 (49–152) [n=311] | 68 (31–136) [n=330] | .001 |
| ESR, mm/h | 41 (27–63) [n=426] | 49 (35–84) [n=32] | 42 (28–65) [n=297] | 35 (21–54) [n=295] | <.001 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | 114 (63–217) [n=461] | 298 (82–702) [n=36] | 114 (67–223) [n=310] | 132 (65–349) [n=331] | .003 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 1063 (695–1812) [n=455] | 1554 (826–6580) [n=37] | 1074 (693–1770) [n=305] | 949 (608–1661) [n=329] | .002 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count, ×103 cells/µL | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) [n=466] | 1 (0.6–1.5) [n=40] | 1 (0.7–1.3) [n=311] | 1 (0.7–1.4) [n=341] | .13 |
| Time from 1 March 2020 to hospital admission date, median (IQR), d | 43 (33–52) [n=466] | 50 (41–56) [n=42] | 37 (30–44) [n=311] | 46 (40–54) [n=360] | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ILD, interstitial lung disease; IQR, interquartile range; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; WBC, white blood cell.
Data represent no. with characteristic/no. in statin treatment group (%), unless otherwise specified. Treatment groups were defined as follows: group A, antecedent (prehospitalization) statin continued during hospitalization (Continued); group B, antecedent statin discontinued during hospitalization (Discontinued); group C, statin newly initiated during hospitalization (Newly Initiated); and group D, no statins used during or before hospitalization (Never).
P values were calculated comparing all 4 groups, using the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and the Fisher exact test for categorical variables.
BMI calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Unknown and other chronic liver disease are not presented in this table.
This is the first available laboratory result after admission.