Disasters	Source	Purpose	Sample /Study Description	Key outcomes
H1N1	Lee et al. (2012)	Examined potential travelers’ decision-making processes when the risk of 2009 H1N1 infection discourages traveling abroad.	Survey responses from 990 potential tourists chosen randomly.	Non-pharmaceutical interventions such as hygiene, green and clean environment, and social distancing had a positive effect on intention.
SARS	Chien and Law (2003)	To address the issue of SARS crisis management in risk identification, assessment, and alleviation.	A secondary data analysis of press releases and newspaper articles.	Suggested contingency plans that included cleaning and disinfecting guest rooms and public areas. Task force should enforce environmental hygiene and personal health.
SARS	Dombey (2004)	To examine the effect of SARS on the Chinese tourism industry	Expert opinion	The Chinese population realized the importance of hygiene and health-related matters. The China Cuisine Association issued guidelines asking restaurants to serve food on individual plates.
SARS	Kim et al. (2005)	To discuss the impact of the SARS outbreak on the Korean hotel industry and to explore how the crisis management contingency concept was implemented by the Korean hotel industry.	The records of occupancy, revenue, and profit margin ratios were collected from hotels and aggregated to compare the records with the years before and after the SARS outbreak. In-depth interviews with managers who were working for the hotels.	Results of interviews with the managers indicate that many customers canceled their holiday travels and business meetings such as international conventions and conferences. The human resource department encouraged managers to involve employees in safety, security and health awareness training programs and installed new hygiene equipment including chemical sterilizers, special air filters, masks and gloves.
SARS	Wen et al. (2005)	To investigate the impacts of SARS on the Chinese tourists. The empirical study probed into the sensitivity of consumers towards crises in making decisions concerning leisure travel.	Survey among 1633 respondents after the travel ban was lifted.	There was a high concern for hygiene and safety. There was a shift in dining preference from traditional dining concept (where Chinese preferred using the same chopsticks and spoons to pick food for themselves and others) to “separated dining system”.
SARS	Lo et al. (2006)	To provide an overview of SARS in Hong Kong and to report the practices employed by hotels to survive during SARS outbreak.	In-depth interviews with senior executives in six hotels in Hong Kong.	Hotels adopted various strategies including increased health and sanitation awareness, effective cost control measures, and creative marketing strategies during and after SARS.
SARS	Henderson and Ng (2004)	Empirically investigated the impact of SARS and the subsequent reactions to the challenges presented in Singapore.	Postal questionnaire surveys were used to collect details about the consequences of SARS for hotels and their attempts to overcome the problems it brought.	Hotels focused on hygiene and cleanliness to reassure customers and build confidence. Hotels that met the hygiene and cleanliness criteria were granted COOL awards which they could display to try and convince the public that they were SARS-free and SARS-ready.
SARS	Tew et al. (2008)	Reviewed the impact of SARS on the Canadian hospitality industry and summarized the lessons learned from the crisis.	Both secondary and primary data were analyzed. The popular press and academic journals as well as reports, briefs, and presentations were analyzed. A questionnaire was designed to investigate the impact of SARS, management during the crisis, recovery strategies, and formal planning.	The common strategies adopted during this period were cutting costs, laying off workers, and closing facilities and floors/wings of hotels. They suggested the need to use technologies to communicate during disaster.
SARS	Tse et al. (2006)	Examined the crisis response of restaurants in Hong Kong and illustrated how local restaurants dealt with SARS and developed strategies for management and recovery.	Conceptual paper	Strategies included reducing investment in advertising and promotion, increased negotiation with suppliers to lower the cost of foodstuffs, with landlords to reduce rent, and with staff for pay cut or no-pay leave. Emphasized on health and immunity by offering “antiSARS” menus, with items that claimed to boost customers’ immune system. Hygiene and safety were prioritized to safeguard the customers’ physical health. To make the customer feel confident, many restaurants used cleanliness and hygiene as a selling point in addition to food quality and cost.
SARS	Kline et al. (2014)	A systematic approach to hotel guest room cleaning	Guidelines for cleaning critical control points in guest room.	Hotel industry should develop systematic practices to guest room cleaning and sanitation.
SARS and H1N1	Hung et al. (2018)	The examine the role of the hotel industry in epidemic preparedness and response.	Case study focusing on the guidelines published by the health authority in relation to the hotel industry in Hong Kong.	The guidelines for the hotel industry from the Centre of Health Protection focused largely on the maintenance of hygiene within the hotel premises.
Irma hurricane	Park et al. (2019a)	Examined the structure of communication networks and the information content made before and during the disastrous Hurricane Irma by the members of Disney World’s social community, and identified the influential actors during the different phases of the disaster.	Data from member comments section of the Walt Disney World (WDW) Facebook fan page.	There was difference in the most popular words and dimensions rankings between the before and during Irma periods in the WDW semantic networks. WDW Facebook members’ needs and desires for entertainment declined, and they searched less for the related information due to the hurricane and shut down of WDW during this period.
Natural and man-made disaster	AlBattat and Som (2013)	Emergency preparedness for natural and man-made disasters and crises in the hotel industry.	Conceptual paper.	Emphasized safety to promote hotels and tourist destinations. Strategies included evaluation and feedback and adopting new ideas to deal with emergencies.
Natural and man-made disasters	Niininen (2013)	Highlighted good procedures practiced by hotels during natural and man-made disasters.	In-depth interviews with hotel managers and hotel security managers in Hong Kong, London, and Finland.	Emphasized managing costs during crisis, maintaining good communication with guests, and the use of technology to enhance hotel security.