Table 3.
Risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease for the pooled cohort, using cumulative averages of energyadjusted gluten as exposure with a 4-and 8-year lagged period.
| Quintiles of cumulative average of energy-adjusted gluten intake | Ptrend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (lowest) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (highest) | ||
| 4 YEAR LAG | ||||||
| Crohn’s Disease | ||||||
| Cases | 52 | 63 | 57 | 65 | 55 | |
| Person-years | 782,870 | 875,670 | 895,211 | 896,738 | 856,872 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.12 (0.78–1.62) | 0.98 (0.68–1.44) | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 0.98 (0.67–1.44) | 0.94 |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | 1.15 (0.80–1.66) | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | 0.85 |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.06 (0.72–1.54) | 0.88 (0.59–1.31) | 0.99 (0.65–1.49) | 0.81 (0.50–1.32) | 0.40 |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 0.98 (0.67–1.44) | 1.16 (0.80–1.68) | 1.04 (0.70–1.56) | 0.81 |
| Ulcerative Colitis | ||||||
| Cases | 55 | 85 | 68 | 91 | 71 | |
| Person-years | 782,870 | 875,670 | 895,211 | 896,738 | 856,872 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.41 (1.00–1.98) | 1.10 (0.77–1.57) | 1.48 (1.06–2.07) | 1.22 (0.85–1.73) | 0.30 |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 1.39 (0.99–1.96) | 1.08 (0.76–1.55) | 1.46 (1.04–2.05) | 1.23 (0.86–1.75) | 0.27 |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.48 (1.04–2.10) | 1.20 (0.82–1.76) | 1.69 (1.15–2.49) | 1.53 (0.97–2.40) | 0.06 |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.38 (0.98–1.94) | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | 1.44 (1.02–2.02) | 1.19 (0.82–1.72) | 0.37 |
| 8 YEAR LAG | ||||||
| Crohn’s Disease | ||||||
| Cases | 32 | 52 | 42 | 64 | 39 | |
| Person-years | 637,569 | 708,298 | 725,682 | 728,401 | 699,336 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.52 (0.98–2.36) | 1.21 (0.77–1.93) | 1.85 (1.21–2.84) | 1.17 (0.73–1.86) | 0.31 |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 1.52 (0.98–2.37) | 1.23 (0.77–1.95) | 1.87 (1.22–2.87) | 1.23 (0.77–1.98) | 0.21 |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.45 (0.92–2.27) | 1.13 (0.69–1.83) | 1.65 (1.02–2.68) | 1.02 (0.57–1.83) | 0.70 |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.51 (0.97–2.36) | 1.21 (0.76–1.93) | 1.83 (1.19–2.83) | 1.19 (0.73–1.94) | 0.28 |
| Ulcerative Colitis | ||||||
| Cases | 51 | 67 | 49 | 71 | 50 | |
| Person-years | 637,569 | 708,298 | 725,682 | 728,401 | 699,336 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | 0.86 (0.58–1.28) | 1.26 (0.88–1.81) | 0.93 (0.63–1.37) | 0.83 |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 1.19 (0.82–1.71) | 0.84 (0.56–1.24) | 1.24 (0.86–1.79) | 0.93 (0.63–1.39) | 0.87 |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.29 (0.88–1.88) | 0.96 (0.63–1.47) | 1.50 (0.98–2.29) | 1.23 (0.75–2.04) | 0.29 |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.19 (0.82–1.71) | 0.84 (0.56–1.24) | 1.24 (0.86–1.79) | 0.93 (0.62–1.40) | 0.88 |
a
Models are adjusted for same variables as in Table 2.