Table 5.
Gluten intake and risk of ulcerative colitis according to baseline age, body mass index, smoking status, and family history.
| Quintiles of cumulative average energy-adjusted gluten intake | Ptrend | Pinteraction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (lowest) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (highest) | |||
| Age < 45 | 0.83 | ||||||
| Cases | 48 | 52 | 65 | 59 | 53 | ||
| Person-years | 514,656 | 585,627 | 599,177 | 602,690 | 575,310 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | 1.02 (0.69–1.50) | 0.81 | |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 0.98 (0.66–1.45) | 1.18 (0.81–1.72) | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | 1.02 (0.68–1.51) | 0.80 | |
| MV-adjusted HR + cereal fiber a | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.64–1.41) | 1.12 (0.76–1.64) | 0.99 (0.66–1.47) | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | 0.71 | |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.69–1.55) | 1.28 (0.85–1.93) | 1.21 (0.77–1.88) | 1.22 (0.73–2.06) | 0.34 | |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 0.97 (0.65–1.43) | 1.15 (0.79–1.67) | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) | 0.94 (0.62–1.41) | 0.88 | |
| Age ≥ 45 | |||||||
| Cases | 23 | 39 | 38 | 43 | 27 | ||
| Person-years | 411,631 | 457,684 | 467,951 | 464,091 | 436,448 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.56 (0.93–2.62) | 1.46 (0.87–2.46) | 1.69 (1.02–2.80) | 1.12 (0.64–1.95) | 0.66 | |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 1.51 (0.90–2.53) | 1.43 (0.85–2.40) | 1.68 (1.01–2.80) | 1.13 (0.65–1.98) | 0.57 | |
| MV-adjusted HR + cereal fiber a | 1 (ref) | 1.49 (0.89–2.52) | 1.41 (0.82–2.40) | 1.64 (0.96–2.82) | 1.09 (0.58–2.05) | 0.66 | |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.48 (0.88–2.51) | 1.39 (0.81–2.40) | 1.62 (0.93–2.84) | 1.07 (0.55–2.08) | 0.75 | |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.51 (0.90–2.53) | 1.43 (0.85–2.41) | 1.69 (1.01–2.83) | 1.14 (0.63–2.05) | 0.54 | |
| Body mass index < 25 kg/m 2 | 0.90 | ||||||
| Cases | 48 | 49 | 67 | 64 | 56 | ||
| Person-years | 522,076 | 595,745 | 624,113 | 647,720 | 651,772 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.62–1.39) | 1.20 (0.83–1.74) | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | 0.96 (0.65–1.41) | 0.89 | |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.62–1.37) | 1.20 (0.82–1.74) | 1.13 (0.77–1.64) | 1.01 (0.68–1.49) | 0.63 | |
| MV-adjusted HR + cereal fiber a | 1 (ref) | 0.90 (0.60–1.35) | 1.15 (0.79–1.69) | 1.06 (0.71–1.58) | 0.91 (0.58–1.43) | 0.98 | |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.63–1.43) | 1.27 (0.85–1.89) | 1.22 (0.80–1.87) | 1.14 (0.70–1.87) | 0.34 | |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.61–1.37) | 1.19 (0.81–1.73) | 1.11 (0.76–1.63) | 0.98 (0.65–1.47) | 0.74 | |
| Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m 2 | |||||||
| Cases | 23 | 42 | 36 | 38 | 24 | ||
| Person-years | 404,212 | 447,566 | 443,015 | 419,061 | 359,985 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.64 (0.99–2.74) | 1.45 (0.86–2.46) | 1.60 (0.95–2.69) | 1.17 (0.66–2.09) | 0.67 | |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 1.61 (0.96–2.68) | 1.44 (0.85–2.43) | 1.56 (0.93–2.64) | 1.15 (0.65–2.05) | 0.72 | |
| MV-adjusted HR + cereal fiber a | 1 (ref) | 1.56 (0.93–2.62) | 1.36 (0.79–2.35) | 1.45 (0.83–2.54) | 1.02 (0.52–1.98) | 0.97 | |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.60 (0.94–2.72) | 1.43 (0.81–2.53) | 1.55 (0.85–2.85) | 1.14 (0.55–2.38) | 0.81 | |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.57 (0.94–2.63) | 1.39 (0.81–2.36) | 1.48 (0.87–2.52) | 1.05 (0.58–1.92) | 0.98 | |
| Never smoker | 0.27 | ||||||
| Cases | 29 | 38 | 49 | 53 | 43 | ||
| Person-years | 491,693 | 575,498 | 598,206 | 609,022 | 593,707 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.16 (0.72–1.89) | 1.43 (0.90–2.26) | 1.49 (0.94–2.34) | 1.26 (0.78–2.01) | 0.21 | |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 1.15 (0.71–1.87) | 1.39 (0.87–2.20) | 1.46 (0.92–2.30) | 1.25 (0.78–2.01) | 0.22 | |
| MV-adjusted HR + cereal fiber a | 1 (ref) | 1.12 (0.69–1.83) | 1.33 (0.83–2.13) | 1.38 (0.85–2.22) | 1.13 (0.66–1.93) | 0.46 | |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.20 (0.73–1.96) | 1.50 (0.92–2.44) | 1.63 (0.98–2.73) | 1.49 (0.82–2.69) | 0.10 | |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.14 (0.70–1.85) | 1.37 (0.86–2.18) | 1.43 (0.90–2.27) | 1.20 (0.73–1.97) | 0.29 | |
| Past or current smoker | |||||||
| Cases | 42 | 53 | 54 | 49 | 37 | ||
| Person-years | 434,594 | 467,813 | 468,922 | 457,759 | 418,051 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) | 1.21 (0.81–1.82) | 1.13 (0.75–1.72) | 0.94 (0.60–1.47) | 0.75 | |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 1.18 (0.79–1.78) | 1.19 (0.79–1.79) | 1.11 (0.73–1.67) | 0.92 (0.59–1.43) | 0.66 | |
| MV-adjusted HR + cereal fiber a | 1 (ref) | 1.15 (0.76–1.73) | 1.13 (0.75–1.72) | 1.03 (0.66–1.60) | 0.82 (0.49–1.36) | 0.42 | |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.18 (0.77–1.80) | 1.19 (0.76–1.84) | 1.10 (0.68–1.78) | 0.91 (0.51–1.62) | 0.74 | |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.17 (0.78–1.76) | 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 1.07 (0.70–1.62) | 0.86 (0.54–1.37) | 0.48 | |
| No family history | 0.56 | ||||||
| Cases | 60 | 79 | 94 | 85 | 71 | ||
| Person-years | 892,124 | 1,000,070 | 1,020,764 | 1,022,061 | 968,681 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.21 (0.87–1.70) | 1.40 (1.01–1.94) | 1.26 (0.91–1.76) | 1.12 (0.79–1.57) | 0.55 | |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 1.21 (0.86–1.69) | 1.40 (1.01–1.94) | 1.27 (0.91–1.77) | 1.13 (0.80–1.60) | 0.48 | |
| MV-adjusted HR + cereal fiber a | 1 (ref) | 1.20 (0.85–1.68) | 1.37 (0.98–1.91) | 1.23 (0.86–1.75) | 1.07 (0.72–1.60) | 0.69 | |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.22 (0.86–1.72) | 1.42 (1.00–2.00) | 1.29 (0.89–1.88) | 1.17 (0.76–1.80) | 0.46 | |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 1.20 (0.86–1.69) | 1.38 (1.00–1.92) | 1.25 (0.89–1.75) | 1.10 (0.77–1.58) | 0.60 | |
| Positive family history | |||||||
| Cases | 11 | 12 | 9 | 17 | 9 | ||
| Person-years | 34,163 | 43,241 | 46,364 | 44,720 | 43,077 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.89 (0.38–2.10) | 0.52 (0.21–1.33) | 1.23 (0.55–2.76) | 0.58 (0.23–1.46) | 0.57 | |
| MV-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 (ref) | 0.80 (0.34–1.91) | 0.52 (0.20–1.32) | 1.26 (0.55–2.86) | 0.60 (0.24–1.52) | 0.71 | |
| MV-adjusted HR + cereal fiber a | 1 (ref) | 0.75 (0.31–1.81) | 0.44 (0.17–1.14) | 0.96 (0.40–2.29) | 0.38 (0.13–1.08) | 0.20 | |
| Gluten from whole grains a | 1 (ref) | 0.90 (0.36–2.20) | 0.63 (0.23–1.73) | 1.64 (0.63–4.31) | 0.90 (0.27–2.98) | 0.59 | |
| Gluten from refined grains a | 1 (ref) | 0.80 (0.34–1.93) | 0.49 (0.19–1.25) | 1.18 (0.52–2.69) | 0.49 (0.18–1.30) | 0.46 | |
a
Models are adjusted for the same varaibles as Table 2 minus the strata variable.