Table 2.

Main fruit waste and by-products available in the scientific literature and/or exploited in industrial processes.

Fruit	Waste/By-Products	Biochemicals/Biomaterials Exploitable	Extraction Techniques Reported	References
apple	peel pomace	dietary fiber pectins polyphenols	enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquids extraction, pressurised liquid extraction	[59,66,67,85,90,101]
banana	peel	pectins	enzyme-assisted extraction	[83]
berries	blueberry fruits blueberry pressed cake raspberry waste	anthocyanins polyphenols	enzyme-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field extraction	[64,100]
citrus fruits	bergamot albedo grapefruit peel lemon peel lime peel mandarin peel orange peel	carotenoids essential oils flavonoids naringin pectins pigments carotenoids polyphenols	enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurised liquid extraction	[49,65,80,81,87,88,89,97,98,107]
grape	pomace peel seeds	aroma compounds anthocyanins flavonoids organic acids polyphenols pectins polysaccharides procyanidins procyanidin dimers A and B	enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurised liquid extraction	[56,60,61,62,71,76,94,95,99,102,106,108,109]
jackfruit	peel	pectins	microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction	[96]
kiwifruit	peel thinning waste	pectins polyphenols	enzyme-assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction	[68,110]
mango	peel	pectins polyphenols	ultrasound-assisted extraction	[72,86,93]
papaya	peel	dietary fiber	ultrasound-assisted extraction	[85]
		pectins
passion fruit	peel	pectins polyphenols	enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction	[18,69,78]
pomegranate	peel	pectins polyphenols	enzyme-assisted-supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction	[70,72,77]
tropical fruits	mango mango leaves passion fruit seeds passion fruit cake	alkaloids essential oils flavonoids naringenin phenolics terpenic compounds	enzyme-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurised liquid extraction	[103,111,112]