Table 3.

Bioanalytes detected using carbon dot composites.

Sensor	Technique	Analyte	LOD	References
HM-GQD-AuNPs	CV, ECL	Carcinoembryonic antigen	0.01 ng∙mL–1	[96]
CDs/Fe3O4	DCAMP	Uric acid	0.006 µM	[97]
CDs/CuFe2O4/CPE	SWV	RIF, NIZ	0.022, 0.041 µM	[98]
AgNPs/CD-N-S/Au NPs	DPV	Streptomycin	0.036 pg∙mL–1	[99]
Fe3O4MNP-GQDs	DPV	L-tryptophan	0.08 µM	[100]
N-CDs/Co3O4/MWCNTs	DPV	Flu, NF	0.0169, 0.044 µM	[101]
AuNP/GQDs	DPV	Quercetin	2.0 nM	[102]
NGQDs/NC/Pd	CA	H2O2	20 nM	[103]
GQDs/2D-hBN/GCE	DPV	Serotonin	0.2 pM	[104]
Mag/NP/CQDs/SPE	DPV	NADH	20 nM	[105]
Β-CD-GQD/GCE	SWV	AA	0.49 µM	[106]
CQDs/Lac/GCE	CV	Epinephrine	83 nM	[107]
Β-CD@N-GQDs/Fc/GCE	DPV	Cholesterol	0.08 µM	[108]
CQDs/Cu2O/GCE	CA	Glu	6 µM	[109]
CQDs/MoS2/Mo foil	CV	DA	0.0090 µM	[110]
CQDs/SPE	DPV	DA	0.05 µM	[111]
Β-CD/CQDs/GCE	DPV	UA	0.01 µM	[112]
CQDs/GCE	CA	H2O2	300 nM	[113]
Ag NPs/CDs/GCE	CA, CV	H2O2	80 nM	[114]
NF/Hb/β-GQDs/CILE	DPV	H2O2	0.04 mM	[115]
GD-RuCl3/GCE	DPV	L-tyrosine	0.23 µM	[116]
Ppy/CDs@PB/GF	CV, CA	L-Cysteine	0.15 µM	[117]
N-CQD/SnO2/SPCE	DPV	Riboflavin	8 nM	[118]