Figure 1.

An infographic overview for classical DNA-based molecular techniques in chicken meat adulteration detection, species, and breeds identification. Conventional PCR can be performed to identify a species at a time (singleplex) or multiple species simultaneously (multiplex) using species-specific primer targeting either nuclear or mitochondrial DNA. Real-time PCR plays the same concept as conventional PCR but incorporating dyes to monitor the PCR product in real-time. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification amplifies the target species using a set of four to six specially designed primers under isothermal conditions. Droplet Digital PCR allows the detection of a very low number of targets in DNA mixture by fractionating samples into 20,000 droplets, followed by target amplification of target in each droplet and detection using a laser. PCR-RFLP amplifies a conserved DNA region followed by digestion of the PCR products using one or more restriction endonucleases. Restriction profile can be obtained from the variation in band formation from agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR-Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA amplifies random segments of DNA by PCR using a single arbitrary primer binds to different loci in different species; variation in band patterns can be used to discriminate species. Amplified fragment length polymorphism technique discriminates individual species or breeds based on the selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments caused by single nucleotide polymorphism from a total digest of genomic DNA.