Fig. 1.

Gintonin inhibited the production of ROS and protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in IL-1β-treated FLS cells. FLS cells were pretreated with Gintonin (5, 10, 15, 20 μg/ml) for 1 h, followed by IL-1β (10 ng/ml) for 24 h. (A) H₂DCFDA for the measurement of intracellular ROS and (B) MitoSOX red for the detection of mitochondrial ROS production were stained in cells. (C) Western blot analysis using FLS cells pretreated with Gintonin for 1 h and stimulated later with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) for 6 h. The representative results from three independent experiments are shown. Quantification data are presented at the right panel. The data are expressed as means ± S.E.M. (n = 3). ∗p < 0.05, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. untreated group (None), ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, and ^###p < 0.001 vs. IL-1β-treated group without Gintonin treatment.