Table 1.
Therapeutic Effects of Ginseng/Ginsenoside on Neuroinflammatory Diseases in the Brain
| Disease model | Ginseng/Ginsenoside | Location (Neurovascular Unit) | Species | Therapeutic effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke | Rb1, Rg3 | Brain | Rat | Neuroprotection Anti-inflammation |
Cheng Z et al, 2019 Shi YH et al, 2020 |
| Rb1 | Brain | Rat | Improved behavioral abilities BBB protection Neuroprotection |
Shi YH et al, 2020 | |
| Rg3 | Brain | Rat | Improved cerebral blood flow | Tian J et al, 2005 | |
| Rd | Brain | Rat | Anti-inflammation Improved behavioral ability |
Ye R et al, 2011 | |
| Traumatic brain injury (TBI) | Rb1 | Brain | Rat | Neuroprotection | Chen W et al, 2016 |
| Saponin | Brain (hippocampus) | Rat | Neuroprotection | Ji YC et al, 2005 | |
| Multiple Sclerosis | Rd | Brain | Mouse | Improved behavioral ability BBB protection Increased neurotrophic factors |
Zhu D et al, 2014 |
| Parkinson’s disease (PD) | Rg1, Rd | Brain (Neuronal cell) | Mouse | Neuroprotection | Chen XC et al, 2005 |
| Rg1 | Brain (nigrostriatum) | Rat | Neuroprotection | Xu L et al, 2009 | |
| Rg1 | Brain (Astrocyte, Microglia, Neuron) | Mouse | BBB protection Anti-inflammation Neuroprotection |
Heng Y et al, 2016 | |
| Rb1 | Human neuroblastoma cell | Human | Neuroprotection | Ardah MT et al, 2015 | |
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Rg1 | Brain | Mouse | Anti-inflammation | Chen Y et al, 2020 |
| Re, Rg1, Rg3 | Brain | Mouse (human APP overexpression) | Aβ reduction | Shi YH et al, 2020 | |
| Rg1 | Brain (hippocampus) | Rat | Improved behavioral ability Neuroprotection |
Quan Q et al, 2013 | |
| Rg1 | Brain (hippocampus) | Mouse | Improved behavioral abilities Aβ reduction |
Shi YQ et al, 2010 | |
| Ginseng extract | Brain | Mouse | Enhanced memory Neuronal plasticity Anti-oxidation |
Zhao H et al, 2009 | |
| Rg5 | Brain (Cerebral cortex, hippocampus) | Rat | Improved behavioral abilities Aβ reduction |
Chu S et al, 2014 |