Table 3. Risk of bias—ROBINS-I tool.

Study	Bias due to confounding	Bias due to selection of organisations into study	Bias in classification of interventions	Bias due to deviations from intended interventions	Bias due to missing data	Bias in measurement of outcomes	Bias in selection of reported result
Badrick et al (2014), UK19	Serious	Serious	Low	No information	Low	Moderate	Low
Pringle (2013), UK17	Serious	Serious	Low	No information	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Roe and Woodall (2014), UKRoe (2018), UK16 18	Serious	Serious	Low	No information	Moderate	Moderate	Low